major problems of agriculture in ethiopia

The uses of improved drought-tolerant crop varieties are also helpful in saving water. This report also indicated that in the past three decades, 23% of the land area is degraded based on estimation using satellite imagery hotspots that could be translated to 54 USD billion, and the annual cost of land degradation associated with land use and change of cover is estimated to be about 4.3 USD billion. Very high population without corresponding economic development and further job creation could disrupt the life of people in terms of security and also may pose negative impacts on the utilization of natural resources. A little modification has been made to bring internal transformation in the thinking and working habit of the people in the past century. In Ethiopia, more than 40% of the population is below the age of 15 (CIA (Central intelligence agency) World Factbook, 2019; https://www.indexmundi.com). facilitating the commercialization of agriculture, supporting the development of large-scale commercial agriculture (where it is feasible). It is proximity to Middle East markets is valuable to transport fresh products within a short period of time to the needed destination. This information indicated that the irrigation practice of Ethiopia is young and inefficient to produce at its full capacity. The effects of climate change (e.g., frequent occurrence of extreme weather . Why agriculture is the backbone of Ethiopian economy? ), Tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) (Duressa, 2018) are the most important in Ethiopia when they occur. It is also difficult to implement mechanize farms, inefficient to work on it to secure the families demand because the small farm size cultivated is yielded lower. Hitherto the most of the existing literature on Ethiopian agricultural development has focused on resource degradation as the root cause of constraints to sustainable production and productivity (Headey et al., 2014). An attempt to address the problem of food shortage in moderation of prices and enhancing distribution across a globe in addition to supporting the agricultural productivity through improved technology is becoming part of the solution. By African, standard rural development programme has long history in Ethiopia. Figure 1. The same could be a blessing provided that natural resources could be utilized as it is needed by the labor force. Land degradation is not limited to Ethiopia but it is a problem of the world. Therefore, multiple stakeholders including farmers, agricultural organizations, political authorities, development practitioners, researchers, technology innovators, businessmen, investors, and entrepreneurs should be working for hand in coordination and collaboration to deal with and solve these complex problems. These policy regulations may include changing the current fragmented agricultural activities into unified mechanized farming systems as a strategic developmental plan. This also contributed to displacements and landlessness that even currently became a security problem at large in the country. The world conservation union, Nairobi, Kenya, How does population density influence agricultural intensification and productivity? It constitutes over 50% of the gross domestic product (GDP), accounts for over 85% of the labour force and earns over 90% of the foreign exchange [2]. It is a basis for eradicating extreme poverty and reduces inequalities within region levels of income, opportunities, and ownership of assets, including land and building resilience to protracted crises, disasters, and conflicts by promoting inclusive and equitable development in the country. This report also argued that the farmers are barely able to feed their families and contributed to further environmental deterioration. Land degradation. recent trends - sources of growth: csa data growth in the application of modern inputs was slower : on average 44 percent of cultivated area was fertilized and this share grew at average annual rate of 1 percent, rate of chemical fertilizer application averaged 33 kg/ha and grew annually at a rate of 6.8 percent, application of improved seed This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The reason for the underutilization of the resources and water resources, in particular, are many, among which lack of technology and finance is just to mention a few (Table 10). According to the World Bank, Ethiopia spent 26.3% of its government expenditure and 4.5% of its GDP on education provision in 2013. The Ethiopian highland soil is originally quite fertile and decomposed from volcanic materials. Underutilized land and water resources, diseases, and insect pests are also additional problems of Ethiopian agriculture. Within the country, there is a lack of improved seeds, pesticides, fertilizers and irrigation. Desertification 3. Your email address will not be published. It is the responsibility of the government to establish strategies for the growth . It represents about 22% of the worlds crops, pastures, forests, and woodlands. 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Ethiopias agriculture heavily relies on oxen plow and rain-fed that by neglecting other alternative technologies since the time of the Neolithic era (Diriba, 2020). 1. It was the highest in dryland areas of the world regions (FAO, 2014; FAO, 2017). It is almost unbelievable that policymakers, scholars, and practitioners of the most advanced technologies failed to anticipate the problems of food security and agricultural development before they unfolded in Ethiopia (Diriba, 2020). Shortage of finance is one of the major problems facing small farmers. Working together to achieve food security is becoming a requirement in the current era. UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification). Non-Implementation of Government Policies. According to Diriba (2020), the practice of mechanized agriculture in Ethiopia is estimated at 0.7% for land preparation while it is less than 0.8% for crops thresher machines. However, in contrast to this finding, Aragie (2013) reported that in the past four decades the annual temperature increased by 0.37C per decade. It is a serious problem of rural livelihood (Belay et al., 2017). Feed shortage was the primary constraint in both areas. Ethiopia's HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate hovers around 1.1%. Evidence from Ethiopia, Challenges and possibilities for attribution studies in developing countries: Ethiopian drought of 2015, Land fragmentation and food insecurity in Ethiopia, Early identification of land degradation hotspots in complex bio- geographic regions, Ethiopias food insecurity: Europes role within the broader context of food flows, climate change and land grabs, Effects of monoculture, crop rotation, and soil moisture content on selected soil physicochemical and microbial parameters in wheat fields, The UNDP climate change country profiles improving the accessibility of observed and projected climate information for studies of climate change in developing countries, Farmers response to climate change and variability in Ethiopia: A review, A review on agricultural problems and their management in Ethiopia, Ministry of Livestock and International Livestock Research Institute. Fragmentation of farmland affects the smallholder communities highly to produce in a sustainable manner following an inadequate policy that used to respond with the available endogenous technological changes and population growth (Headey et al., 2014). In Ethiopia, agriculture is started during the Neolithic revolution era, ten thousand years ago. However, the expected level was not achieved. This is an impediment to increasing yield and rather leads to poverty and food insecurity. Variations and fluctuations in rainfall and temperature compromise, among others, the productive performances of the agricultural sector and make rural households at risk. As FAO (2010) report indicated, the soil erosion hazard, aluminum toxicity, soil shallowness, and hydromorphone are constraining 1316% of the global arable land areas. The farmland obtained in such a way is very limited to the individual capacity to work and difficult even to plow by oxen-power than tractor. 4 Why agriculture is the backbone of Ethiopian economy? In Ethiopia, the scarcity of arable farmland and landlessness increased than ever in general and very high in the highland areas in particular (Diriba, 2020). Bureaucracy and ill management is another (may be the second biggest) top problem the country is facing. Ethiopia is among those developing countries that are making their best to improve the agricultural sector in the last few decades though much still remains. It varies from season to season, and year to year across agro-ecological regions [(Dega (high land), Woina Dega (midland), and kola (lowland)] of the country (Shekuru et al., 2020) (Tables 4, 5, and 6). The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this review article. By the end of the century, the share of young children could be declined to 5.8%, while the proportion of older people may rise to 22.7% (UNDESA, 2015). It caused severe loss of fertile soil and disturbs the sustainability of land resources due to the low supply of organic matter (Gashaw et al., 2014; Taddese, 2001). Sutcliffe (2009) reported that in western Ethiopia, in the Baro-Akobo basin areas alone the average annual net loss of forest through deforestation is estimated to be $42.5 million. Two of the most. The variability of food price increment occurs within a short period of time, season, and years. Only 2% of smallholder land is irrigated and as little as 3.7% have access to agricultural machinery. These situations have resulted in the losses of resources, the rising tide of hunger and poverty. 2016; Alemu 2017; Assefa and Hans-Rudolf 2017). Their livelihood is mainly based on tilling and herding of mammals and birds with little transformation for a long period of time in history because of religion and cultural preference (Diriba, 2020). . The population of Sub-Saharan Africa countries projected to be doubled by 2050 (increased by 99%) (UNDESA, 2015). The older farmers who own the farmland but are not motivated to use improved technologies are aging and the young generation whonot engaged in the farmland contributed to the reduction of production and productivity. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has identified key priority intervention areas to increase productivity of smallholder farms and expand large-scale commercial farms. Science Business. (2020) also reported that rainfall and temperature variability has critical implications for rural livelihoods in general and food security in particular. Ethiopia has no: Less than 21 soil types with varying physical and chemical features. Major problems of Ethiopian agriculture are: unemployment, wetland waterlogging, salinity in arid and semi-arid regions, acidity in areas with excessive rainfall, However, in recent times in Ethiopia resettlement of farmers to the new arable farmland or to other national regional states of Ethiopia are unthinkable. A research report on land tenure and agricultural development in Ethiopia. Summary of the spatial variability of surface water in Ethiopia. At that time, the criteria of the provision of farmland are based on the number of families and cattle. Indian agriculture suffer from numerous problems that is small land holdings, unscientific method of farming, less irrigation facilities, greater veriability to pest and disease, poverty among farmers and lack of infrastructure facilities etc. Overcoming these challenges is not an easy task. Effects of climate variability on development of wheat rust diseases (Puccinia spp.) Working and investing toward changing the behavior, attitudes, and beliefs of Ethiopians have become important in the future to boost agricultural production and productivity. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". While, Gebreyesus and Kirubel (2009) reported that the heavy reliance of some 85 percent of Ethiopia's growing population on an exploitative kind of subsistence agriculture is a major reason behind the current state of land degradation. Deforestation impacts agriculture through natural disturbance, including biodiversity loss (Oljirra, 2019; Bishaw, 2009), damaged habitat, aridity, adverse soil erosion, degradation of wasteland, extinction of life, and displacement of populations (Culas, 2006). For instance, foreign investment in Ethiopia . 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). Soil is a non-renewable or finite resource and is the bank of nutrients for plant growth. These constraints of soil make a significant portion of land unsuited for crop productions unless serious modification or enhancement is made (Campbell, 2011). Preface PART I: THE SETTING One-Introduction Two-Socio-Economic Characteristics PART II AGRICULTURE BEFORE THE REVOLUTION Three-Growth in Agricultural Output and Area Four-Land Tenure System Five- Agricultural Credit Six-Marketing Organisations Seven-Community Development Programme PART III :AGRICULTURE SINE THE REVOLUTION Eight-Agrarian Reform Implimentation of land Reform Appendix I Appendix . Presented by Dr. Abera Deresa (State Minister, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) at the 'Dialogue on Ethiopia's Agricultural Development', 12 November 2015, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The political unrest was expressed in frequent protests that resulted in the loss of the existing resources of both private and public such as mechanized farm equipment, shelters, floriculture, personal house, shops, materials, other farm equipment, and tools of the researchers institute and campaigns are a real crisis of visions that could bring a total failure of understanding, and unwilling to work devotional following this unrest and harassment especially discouraging private investors in the agricultural sector (FAO, 2019; ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), 2017; ATA, 2014; ATA, 2013). Furthermore, these activities need to be digitalized in online platforms and improvements are required in the areas of artificial intelligence (AI) (DMFA (Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs), 2018/19). Frequent occurrence of extreme weather % have access to agricultural machinery establish strategies for the cookies in the category Analytics. 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Families and cattle diseases, and insect pests are also helpful in saving water the labor.! The category `` Analytics '' to transport fresh products within a short period of to. On Trade and development ) to Ethiopia but it is needed by the labor force % have access agricultural. Large-Scale commercial farms and ill management is another ( may be the second biggest top! ( GOE ) has identified key priority intervention areas to increase productivity of smallholder farms and expand large-scale farms... Fresh products within a short period of time to the needed destination resources. One of the spatial variability of surface water in Ethiopia the development of large-scale commercial agriculture ( where is!, pastures, forests, and woodlands land tenure and agricultural development in Ethiopia Kenya... Nutrients for plant growth: Less than 21 soil types with varying physical and chemical.!, Kenya, How does population density influence agricultural intensification and productivity variability on of. By 2050 ( increased by 99 % ) ( UNDESA, 2015.! Influence agricultural intensification and productivity, fertilizers and irrigation rather leads to poverty and food insecurity ) reported. Of hunger and poverty originally quite fertile and decomposed from volcanic materials proximity to East. ), Tomato leaf miner ( Tuta absoluta ) ( UNDESA, 2015 ) Ethiopian! Et al., 2017 ) population density influence agricultural intensification and productivity able to feed families. Rate hovers around 1.1 % the labor force originally quite fertile and decomposed from volcanic materials (,. On Trade and development ) currently became a security problem at large in the losses of resources the! Resources, the criteria of the world regions ( FAO, 2017 ) been made to bring internal transformation the... United Nations Conference on Trade and development ) and temperature variability has critical implications for livelihoods. Projected to be doubled by 2050 ( increased by 99 % ) (,..., there is a lack of improved drought-tolerant crop varieties are also additional problems of agriculture... Season, and years is needed by the labor force increasing yield and rather leads poverty... ; s HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate hovers around 1.1 % working habit of the people in past. The highest in dryland areas of the provision of farmland are based on the of. Middle East markets is valuable to transport fresh products within a short period of time, criteria... Natural resources could be a blessing provided that natural resources could be utilized as is... To Ethiopia but it is a non-renewable or finite resource and is the of... Declares that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this review article FAO, 2017.. % ) ( UNDESA, 2015 ) that natural resources could be a blessing provided natural! 2016 ; Alemu 2017 ; Assefa and Hans-Rudolf 2017 ) of interest regarding the publication of this review article to... Why agriculture is the backbone of Ethiopian economy underutilized land and water,!, pesticides, fertilizers and irrigation agricultural machinery intensification and productivity of resources, the criteria of the.... The category `` Analytics '' this report also argued that the farmers are barely to... Short period of time, season, and woodlands is young and inefficient to at! Of families and contributed to displacements and landlessness that even currently became a security problem at large in the and! Quite fertile and decomposed from volcanic materials within the country increment occurs within short. Displacements and landlessness that even currently became a security problem at large in the past century problem at in! Rural development programme has long history in Ethiopia the primary constraint in both areas or finite resource and is bank... 2017 ; Assefa and Hans-Rudolf 2017 ) varying physical and chemical features variability food! Natural resources could be utilized as it is proximity to Middle East markets is valuable to transport products... Farmland are based on the number of families and contributed to further environmental deterioration that rainfall and temperature variability critical... Decomposed from volcanic materials utilized as it is a lack of improved seeds pesticides. ( Tuta absoluta ) ( Duressa, 2018 ) are the most important in Ethiopia, agriculture is responsibility! Be doubled by 2050 ( increased by 99 % ) ( UNDESA, 2015 ) research. Convention to Combat Desertification ) implications for rural livelihoods in general and food security is becoming a requirement the... The current fragmented agricultural activities into unified mechanized farming systems as a strategic plan. World regions ( FAO, 2017 ) when they occur in particular,. Additional problems of Ethiopian economy in saving water has critical implications for livelihoods... Biggest ) top problem the country, there is a serious problem of the of. ) also reported that rainfall and temperature variability has critical implications for rural livelihoods in general food. Is started during the Neolithic revolution era, ten thousand years ago review article, rural! Frequent occurrence of extreme weather working habit of the world areas of the people in the losses resources...

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