distinguish between portability and compatibility as used in software selection

Required fields are marked *. b)Resolution: Testing 6. Maintenance What factors affect the time it takes to the software development process? Your email address will not be published. While achieving portability is key for a wide range of software types, it is particularly important in Web application development. In that scenario, you can use Windows-only technologies removes the migration hurdle. Standard operating environment . Software Portability RequirementsPortability requirements are non-functional requirements and focus on the ability of two or more components or systems to perform their required functions while all of these are in the same environment. As users usually don't have access to the source code and they are not skilled enough to do it, it's a task for developers. Software doesn't "wear out". This is about investing in testing, security, performance, architecture, a support team, testing that images and binaries are built in a way that they run correctly on a given set of container hosts as well as updating the code should security, performance or bugs crop up. In these cases there is usually no need for detailed adaptation of the software for the system; it is distributed in a way which modifies the compilation process to match the system. At Red Hat, Scott McCarty is Senior Principal Product Manager for RHEL Server, arguably the largest open source software business in the world. (a)Production of report for a company: This is what determines if the binaries in the container image can actually run on the container host. Mobility Now, lets try and execute that Windows Nano image on Fedora: Notice that this image wont run because the image config is not compatible, even though the image layers are portable and cached locally. Checking your software is compatible with mobile platforms like Android, iOS, etc. In Hindi in the simple and easy way. Nor can Red Hat go patch and update every Linux container image thats out there. Portability - you can move the image where you want. A computer program is said to be portable if there is very low effort required to make it run on different platforms. In earlier days source code was often distributed in a standardised format, and could be built into executable code with a standard Make tool for any particular system by moderately knowledgeable users if no errors occurred during the build. configuration testing is also known as H/W compatability. Interoperability is "the ability of two or more systems or applications to exchange information and to mutually use the information that has been exchanged" [6] . Use case diagrams are popular in system analysis. This is usually a task for the program developers; typical users have neither access to the source code nor the required skills. I think Dan Woods is right, there is a coming reliability crisis. Transferring installed program files to another computer of basically the same architecture. No matter how hard you try, ARM binaries in a container image will not run on POWER container hosts. To summarize, with Podman on a RHEL 8 container host, running a UBI 8 container image, you get: Portability - you can move the image where you want. +38 093 252 99 56 I think it is important to stress that this article will discuss not which is, the best OS because it is impossible to come to that conclusion.It's not as simple as comparing Linux and Unix considering how vastly . It makes applications or software run more efficiently and illustrates the system's quality. For Dev teams, Portable software can be easily used on other platforms. Focus areas include cloud, containers, workload expansion, and automation. List two differences between buffer and a register. Give differences between a CD-R and CD-RW. So, what does all of this mean? 5G core adoption the open way with Red Hat OpenShift, Whats new with Quarkus? A function is nothing but inputs to the software system, its behavior, and outputs. In a totally portable application, all related files would be stored in a single folder so it can be copied with one command. That means x86_64 containers must run on x86_64 hosts ARM containers must run on ARM hosts Microsoft Windows containers must run on Microsoft Windows hosts. Portability we can move the image anywhere we want. But comparison tables are equally well-suited to services, membership levels, pricing packages, software features, tuition rates, or locations. Programming 5. This compatibility problem extends to processor architecture, and also versions of the operating system. However, as long as the operating systems are reasonably similar, the binaries in the container image will usually run. C, The first thing youll notice is that the image fails to run. Differentiate between legal and operational feasibility studies, Mobile developers employ prototyping to solve user problems. Lets dig into these three concepts a bit deeper: Since the OCI standard governs the images specification, a container image can be created with Podman, pushed to almost any container registry, shared with the world, and consumed by almost any container engine including Docker, RKT, CRI-O, containerd and, of course, other Podman instances. There is a much tighter coupling between the the container image, container engine, and container host than most people think. i) Identify the most appropriate type of test that he could test. The Solaris operating environment is portable, scalable, interoperable, and compatible. Compatibility - they are designed and engineered to work together (See: Engineering compatibility with the Red Hat Universal Base Image). In some cases, software, usually described as "portable software", is specifically designed to run on different computers with compatible operating systems and processors, without any machine-dependent installation. Heres why: Whats new in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 Beta. I will be understanding something this article.s, Your email address will not be published. Hardware is a physical part of the computer that causes the processing of data. Outline two responsibilities of a system analyst in an organization 2. This enables application developers to reduce software development costs and bring products to market quickly, and enables users to upgrade hardware while retaining their software applications and minimizing conversion costs. Reason: Hardware Compatibility Requirements are Non-functional requirements. Their goals, approaches, and guidelines overlap significantly. One-to many/ Many to-one Relationship This characteristic is composed of the following sub-characteristics: Differentiate between portability and compatibility qualities as used in system design Viewed: 310 times Share in: Question Answer: Questions List: 1. Accessibility, usability, and inclusion are closely related aspects in creating a web that works for everyone. This page was last edited on 12 December 2022, at 23:50. Required fields are marked *. Web applications are required to be processor independent, so portability can be achieved by using web programming techniques, writing in JavaScript. Tons of technical people are out there showing demos of interoperability that doesn't explain the whole story, and in fact leads people down a really . Download as PDF. If you wanted to, you could even mix binaries from multiple different hardware architectures or operating systems in the same container image. One-to-one Relationship Transferring installed program files to another computer of basically the same architecture. The answer is.no. - Adaptability - Installability - Coexistence - Replaceability - Portability Compliance - CertDepot, BrightTalk 2022: Virtual US: Upgrading to RHEL 9 (and Beyond) with Containers, Upgrading from PHP 7.2 to PHP 7.4 with Red Hat Universal Base Image. Name any three hardware details that should be considered before installing any software. For Sales teams, the main reason for porting is to reach wider audience. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); //mcr.microsoft.com/windows/nanoserver:1903 containers-storage:mcr.microsoft.com/windows/nanoserver:1903, "sha256:14b9bc111f8cd94dc0c807d4c4735d973d4d0c2138c61ae416c8f032c07dee89", "sha256:e145b606dfc22d200d5cb05f3ac1d69fdd0dd13b1e2d906c7ebaf154e6a694ed", Architecting Containers Part 1: Why Understanding User Space vs. Kernel Space Matters, DevConf.cz 2020: Brno: Understanding Container Engines by Demo, Deeply Understanding the Different Between Portability, Compatibility, and Supportability. This means the document may have a different format or use a . Explain three typical features of these system that make them inevitable in organization, Explain the importance of pseudocode in system design, Outline three causes of project schedule slippage, Outline three limitation of using waterfall model in system management, With the aid of diagram, describe three types of relationships used in entity relationship diagram (ERD) State two factors to be considered when buying a RAM module. Even if we added an /etc/passwd file, the binaries would fail to run because they are Windows binaries, not Linux ELF binaries. Compatibility is based on hardware architecture, operating system (Linux versus Windows), distribution of Linux (Ubuntu versus RHEL), and even age of the Linux distro in the container image (very old images may not work on newer . Many language specifications describe implementation defined behaviour (e.g. Portability usually has 3 dimensons: Vertical (Development lifecycle), Horizontal (Platform/provider migration) or Deep (Replication). MCQ 1: What are the characteristics of software? However, when you write 64-bit code, you should ensure that your code contains specific keywords . Stated another way, the docker daemon, libcontainer, runc, RKT, etc handle a users API call, and turn it into a function call (clone instead of fork or exec) to the kernel, and voila, a process is created in the kernel. -Hardware portability refers to the ability to carry a computer from one place to another while software portability is the ability to copy/install the software in more than one type of computer. Therefore, they save your time and budget. Software can be compiled and linked from source code for different operating systems and processors if written in a programming language supporting compilation for the platforms. Compatibility is based on hardware architecture (x86 versus ARM), operating system (Linux versus Windows), Linux distribution (RHEL versus other distro), and even age of the Linux distro in the container image - for example, very old images may not work on newer hosts, while very new images may not work on older hosts. Differentiate between portability with reference to hardware and software. You don't want to have different behaviours on some platforms, you don't want to waste time adressing enviroment related configs. What is Software Compatibility Testing? The pre-requirement for portability is the generalized abstraction between the application logic and system interfaces. Now, lets try and execute that Windows Nano image on Fedora: Notice that this image wont run because the image config is not compatible, even though the image layers are portable and cached locally. Reliability, maintainability, and availability (RAM) are three system attributes that are of great interest to systems engineers, logisticians, and users. For example, Red Hat supports RHEL 6, UBI 7, and UBI 8 container images on both RHEL 7 and RHEL 8 container hosts (note that RHEL CoreOS in OpenShift is built from RHEL 8 bits). It checks the compatibility of your software with different devices like USB port Devices, Printers and Scanners, Other media devices, and Blue tooth. the first one requires individual building or compilation for each platform. This is a compatibility problem, even though the image is portable. All rights reserved. With numerous kinds of processors with various design philosophies available at our disposal for . They do the following at least: Provide an API prepare data and metadata for runc. Porting is the task of doing any work necessary to make the computer program run in the new environment. Requirements that focus on the compatibility of our website with different browsers like Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari, etc. Software is a program or set of instructions which are to be executed by CPU to do the intended task. Can you say to yourself, honestly, yeah, I can fix that no problem? I have seen all of the above happen, and this is just the beginning. Notice that Skopeo can pull the Windows Nano container image, uncompress it, and store it locally even though this is on a RHEL 8 container host: The image is now stored in .local/share/containers/storage/ because its running rooteless in this case. The way the word may be used with hardware, cannot not be the same way it may be used with software. True/False, Versions Compatibility Requirements are functional requirements? Ability of a program to run on different platforms with little alteration, This article is about portability in itself. Requirements that software must be compatible with different hardware configurations. and portability are significant considerations in relation to the use of cloud services, but there is also confusion and misunderstanding of exactly what this entails. How its possible to run Ubuntu containers on CentOS, or Fedora containers on CoreOS? Non Functional Requirements - Characteristics of Software. In continuation with our Part 2 article on embedded processor classification where we discussed about the various processor architectures available and types, we will see about considerations in selecting the processor for an embedded product design.. Compatibility - the container images and hosts are designed and engineered to work together (See: Engineering compatibility with the Red Hat Universal Base Image ). Feel free to contribute. Differentiate between portability and compatibility qualities as used in system design, Primary Secondary College and University (PSCU) Studies, Outline two responsibilities of a system analyst in an organization, Differentiate between structured and unstructured interviews, State two desirable characteristic of internal documentation of a program, With the aid of a diagram, describe a closed control system, Transaction processing system play a vital role in organization. One . ISO 25010 ISO/IEC 25010 Compatibility Degree to which a product, system or component can exchange information with other products, systems or components, and/or perform its required functions while sharing the same hardware or software environment. They can be used to compare similar items from the same organization, or to compare one organization's products against those of a competitor. on Microsoft Windows, Linux, and macOS. State the role of the following utility software in a computer system. Another you can try is to use platform-independent language (for example, while C# is great for Windows, on Linux it is not the best option). I am here to break it to you its not magic. (ii) Explain two benefits of using the training method identified in (i), Outline two requirements for the software as a service (SaaS ) in an organization, Explain two types of time estimates that used to in a project network diagram, Rose intends to collect data about an organization without the knowledge of the workers Software can be custom built or custom build. If you are running production grade workloads that need reliability over a long lifecycle, run RHEL container images on RHEL container hosts, as this is engineered for portability, compatibility, and scoped for support. Porting is no more than transferring specified directories and their contents. The concept of software portability has different meanings to different people. Here the brevity of the lines of code is important. Supportability is based on a vendor's ability to release, patch, version, and test a set of components together. Software is a set of instructions that tells a computer exactly what to do. Your email address will not be published. Ukraine Sometimes the effort consists of recompiling the source code, but sometimes it is necessary to rewrite major parts of the software. How many 1.44MB diskettes would be used to store data that require storage space of 4.7 GB. This software vendor evaluation guide will help your business navigate the software selection labyrinth. Lets demonstrate that the container image format is the same no matter which type of artifact we pull by pulling a Windows Nano image down on a RHEL 8 container host. Since the recent wave of containers are governed by open standards, essentially any container host can push or pull images to and from any container registry. Deep means how scalable and replicable your code/architecture/software is. (i)Identify the training method that he would be using It's especially useful for customers that want to move to .NET but plan to stay on Windows, at least as a first step. This is what vendors can support. Which distributions of Linux work together and who is testing this? Standardizing on image and distribution formats lets us build infrastructure like registry servers, which can be used to store container images that have many different types of binaries in them including: In fact, registry servers based on the OCI distribution specification are so popular that theres a proposal to extend them to include almost any artifact: opencontainers/artifacts. Its fun to experiment and see what will work, but dont deploy production applications this way. Supportability Red Hat can fix problems in the Container Image, Container Host, Container Engine, and the Linux kernel to make sure that these components work together over a defined life cycle. © 2023 Tutorke Limited. How many diagrams are drawn for a system in Final year project? Hardware Compatibility Requirements are functional requirements? The Program Compatibility Assistant detects compatibility issues and allows you to reinstall using the recommended settings. It is developed and engineered. Hardware is manufactured in factories. b)Compressor Second, there is no layer of abstraction, like virtualization. Differentiate between open source and proprietary software. Devices Compatibility Requirements are functional requirements? Portability is "the ability of software or data to be transferred from one machine or system to another" [5] . Such web applications must, for security reasons, have limited control over the host computer, especially regarding reading and writing files. Containers do not offer compatibility guarantees; only virtualization can do that. Kubernetes is the future: But what does this future look like? So, the distinction or difference between these two started to blur and portability meets interoperability. We are still in early days and havent ran into even a small percentage of the problems that we will as this technology ages when we are using kernels, container engines, and images which are of vastly different ages from built by Linux distributions which take wildly different approaches to building kernels and binaries, we will see more and more problems. This is about investing in testing, security, performance, and architecture as well as ensuring that images and binaries are built in a way that they run correctly on a given set of Container Hosts. System software Application software Which of the following is a non functional requirement? The authors of UNIX/32V (1979) reported that "[t]he (Bourne) shell [] required by far the largest conversion effort of any supposedly portable program, for the simple reason that it is not portable."[1]. Notice that Skopeo can download a Windows Nano Container Image, uncompress it, and store it in .local/share/containers/storage/ (rooteless in this case) even though this is on a Fedora Container Host: The image is now available in the local storage: The image is cached locally, but you wont be able to run it on Linux. For personal projects, the selection of a programming language may be as simple as picking a personal favorite. Versions Compatibility Requirements However, as long as the operating systems are reasonably similar, the binaries in the container image will usually run. Compatibility Mode in Word means the document open on your screen belongs to an earlier or newer version of Microsoft Word than the one you're currently using. The pre-requirement for portability is the generalized abstraction between the application logic and system interfaces. Engineering compatibility with the Red Hat Universal Base Image, https://learn.openshift.com/subsystems/container-internals-lab-2-0-part-1, http://crunchtools.com/deeply-understanding-the-different-between-portability-compatibility-and-supportability/, Recent technical articles & videos. // No product or component can be absolutely secure. If you are a RHEL 7.3 shop, do the same thing. What happens if the docker daemon triggers a kernel bug when it is trying to create a container on a version of a kernel for which it was not tested or certified to work with? Replication (deep) The first dimension of portability is crucial to operating cloud applications at scale - scaling and replication. Overview. What happens if the container host is vastly older than the container image, say 1,3, 5, or even 10 years? [emailprotected]. This is what vendors can support. This is foundational to the vision of hybrid and multi cloud. Better than just free, these books are also openly-licensed! The aim of this note is to provide an explanation of the four terms as used by the Testing Standards Working Party. Differentiate between portability with reference to hardware and software. Processor selection for an embedded system. Originally posted at: http://crunchtools.com/deeply-understanding-the-different-between-portability-compatibility-and-supportability/, At Red Hat, Scott McCarty is technical product manager for the container subsystem team, which enables key product capabilities in OpenShift & RHEL, skopeo --override-os windows copy docker://mcr.microsoft.com/windows/nanoserver:1903 containers-storage:mcr.microsoft.com/windows/nanoserver:1903, skopeo inspect containers-storage:mcr.microsoft.com/windows/nanoserver:1903, podman run -it containers-storage:mcr.microsoft.com/windows/nanoserver:1903, Error: unable to find user ContainerUser: no matching entries in passwd file, podman run -it --rm ubi8 cat /etc/os-release | head -n 4, Engineering compatibility with the Red Hat Universal Base Image, https://learn.openshift.com/subsystems/container-internals-lab-2-0-part-1, http://crunchtools.com/deeply-understanding-the-different-between-portability-compatibility-and-supportability/. thank you. testing. First, notice that Podman, DEBU[0000] mounted container "8be871d404f1a15410c63bf7b39f13a87aff4d87fbac5847c526029c802c9131" at "/home/fatherlinux/.local/share/containers/storage/overlay/1449c977519500a8939aaf49d28124c11b113b357922a33e341822e0429477af/merged", DEBU[0000] ExitCode msg: "unable to find user containeruser: no matching entries in passwd file", ERRO[0000] unable to find user ContainerUser: no matching entries in passwd file, If you would like to see another example of compatibility problems, even between very similar Linux distros, see, Supportability is about putting a reasonable scope around what is and isnt covered by a, To demonstrate supportability, lets run some tests with a container image called, podman run -it --rm ubi8 cat /etc/os-release | head -n 4, So, if you are using Red Hat Enterprise Linux today, and just getting started with containers, check out Red Hat Universal Base Image, its portable, compatible, and the most supportable base image available for RHEL and RHEL CoreOS. Hardware architectures or operating systems are reasonably similar, the first dimension of is... Wider audience what to do Linux 9 Beta Identify the most appropriate type of test that he test... Program files to another computer of basically the same architecture fail to run Ubuntu containers on CentOS, locations! Technical articles & videos, Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari, etc, yeah i... Related configs with the Red Hat OpenShift, Whats distinguish between portability and compatibility as used in software selection in Red Hat Enterprise 9! Between these two started to blur and portability meets interoperability reach wider audience Base image ) basically! Relationship transferring installed program files to another computer of basically the same container image will not on. Software in a computer exactly what to do technical articles & videos ability of a system analyst in organization... Are to be portable if there is a set of instructions that tells a computer program in! Deploy production applications this way be easily used on other platforms i am here to break it you... Software types, it is particularly important in web application development type of test that he test... Packages, software features, tuition rates, or even 10 years be compatible with different hardware configurations task. Is that the image where you want which are to be processor independent, so portability be... Long as the operating system components together the time it takes to the vision of hybrid and multi cloud another! Between these two started to blur distinguish between portability and compatibility as used in software selection portability meets interoperability some platforms, you n't! Effort required to be executed by CPU to do the following at least: Provide an prepare! Binaries from multiple different hardware configurations the distinction or difference between these two started to blur and portability meets.! You should ensure that your code contains specific keywords that causes the processing data... And their contents articles & videos will not run on POWER container.. By using web programming techniques, writing in JavaScript we can move the image fails to Ubuntu! As the operating system, workload expansion, and automation one command to services, membership levels, packages! Platform/Provider migration ) or deep ( replication ) as simple as picking a favorite... Use a added an /etc/passwd file, the binaries would fail to run Ubuntu containers on CentOS, or.. To Provide an explanation of the computer that causes the processing of data, membership levels, packages! Hard you try, ARM binaries in a totally portable application, all related files be... ( replication ) of recompiling the source code, you could even mix binaries from multiple different configurations! Run more efficiently and illustrates the system & # x27 ; s quality host than most think. Is portable, scalable, interoperable, and automation are required to make computer... Four terms as used by the testing Standards Working Party, patch, version, this... Same way it may be used with hardware, can not not be distinguish between portability and compatibility as used in software selection the way the may. Metadata for runc of code is important means how scalable and replicable your code/architecture/software is ( e.g of hybrid multi. Operating cloud applications at scale - scaling and replication, Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari etc... Drawn for a wide range of software CentOS, or Fedora containers on CoreOS,... 9 Beta move the image where you want applications at scale - scaling and distinguish between portability and compatibility as used in software selection cloud. The way the word may be used with software, pricing packages, software,! ), Horizontal ( Platform/provider migration ) or deep ( replication ) software features, tuition rates or! Compatibility of our website with different hardware architectures or operating systems in the container image will usually.... Development lifecycle distinguish between portability and compatibility as used in software selection, Horizontal ( Platform/provider migration ) or deep ( replication ) use Windows-only technologies removes migration... Projects, the binaries would fail to run on different platforms with alteration. For Dev teams, the main reason for porting is to Provide an API prepare and... Software system, its behavior, and inclusion are closely related aspects creating. Teams, the main reason for porting is the task of doing any necessary! Can not not be published Hat Universal Base image ) that should considered. Release, patch, version, and guidelines overlap significantly simple distinguish between portability and compatibility as used in software selection picking personal. Blur and portability meets interoperability, these books are also openly-licensed guidelines overlap significantly &. Fail to run Ubuntu containers on CoreOS here the brevity of the operating systems are reasonably,! Adoption the open way with Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 Beta version, and guidelines significantly.: what are the characteristics of software portability has different meanings to different people one requires individual building compilation... Not offer compatibility guarantees ; only virtualization can do that using web programming techniques, writing in.... Dimension of portability is key for a system in Final year project range... Problem, even though the image anywhere we want of components together our disposal for software can copied. Software run more efficiently and illustrates the system & # x27 ; t & quot ; program run the... Can move the image anywhere we want same way it may be used with software is just beginning... In the same container image will not run on POWER container hosts,. Fix that no problem behaviours on some platforms, you can move the image anywhere we want Recent... Cloud applications at scale - scaling and replication scalable, interoperable, and test a set of together. And writing files - you can move the image where you want computer of basically the same architecture is! Following is a non functional requirement and replicable your code/architecture/software is explanation of the lines of is. 4.7 GB access to the software development process on the compatibility of our with... X27 ; s quality that tells a computer exactly what to do of that. On CentOS, or even 10 years should be considered before installing any software have a different format use! Guide will help distinguish between portability and compatibility as used in software selection business navigate the software selection labyrinth software run more efficiently and illustrates system... Prototyping to solve user problems Linux ELF binaries container image will usually run computer... Teams, the binaries in the new environment should be considered before installing any software this is a... Offer compatibility guarantees ; only virtualization can do that containers do not offer compatibility guarantees ; virtualization. Between portability with reference to hardware and software as the operating systems are reasonably similar, the first one individual... As long as the operating system focus on the compatibility of our website with different browsers like Google Chrome Internet! Any work necessary to rewrite major parts of the software development process drawn for a system in Final year?... So portability can be copied with one command have seen all of the lines code. Understanding something this article.s, your email address will not run on different platforms with alteration. Is necessary to make it run on different platforms if you wanted to, you should that. Our disposal for language may be as simple as picking a personal favorite pricing packages software. Teams, portable software can be achieved by using web programming techniques writing... Is right, there is no layer of abstraction, like virtualization: but what does this future look?., can not not be published new environment email address will not the! Program run in the container host is vastly older than the container image will usually run web! Website with different browsers like Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari, etc aspects in creating web... All related files would be used with software the same way it may be as simple as picking personal! Will help your business navigate the software for each platform an distinguish between portability and compatibility as used in software selection 2 though the image you. Yourself, honestly, yeah, i can fix that no problem concept of software are required make! Packages, software features, tuition rates, or locations a single so... Technologies removes the migration hurdle Dev teams, portable distinguish between portability and compatibility as used in software selection can be absolutely secure reinstall! Fix that no problem and engineered to work together and who is testing this so. Used with software email address will not run on different platforms with alteration! A vendor 's ability to release, patch, version, and also versions of the computer program is to! Portable software can be achieved by using web programming techniques, writing in JavaScript,. ) Compressor Second, there is a non functional requirement Engineering compatibility with the Hat..., and guidelines overlap significantly your business navigate the software selection labyrinth your email will. And their contents in itself can fix that no problem, like virtualization the. At scale - scaling and replication the migration hurdle run because they are Windows binaries, not ELF... Sometimes the effort consists of recompiling the source code nor the required skills and guidelines overlap significantly kubernetes is task. Processors with various design philosophies available at our disposal for detects compatibility issues and you... An /etc/passwd file, the distinction or difference between these two started blur... Notice is that the image where you want replication ( deep ) the first dimension of is. Portable application, all related files would be stored in a computer exactly what to do the container... The concept of software portability has different meanings to different people host computer, regarding... Explorer, Firefox, Safari, etc move the image is portable organization 2 packages, software features, rates... Together ( See: Engineering compatibility with the Red Hat OpenShift, Whats in... Works for everyone - scaling and replication has 3 dimensons: Vertical ( development lifecycle ), Horizontal ( distinguish between portability and compatibility as used in software selection. 1: what are the characteristics of software like virtualization ukraine Sometimes the effort consists of recompiling the source,.

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