science, the endless frontier citation
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To create such advisory and cooperating agencies and councils, state, regional, or national, as in their judgment will aid in effectuating the purposes of the legislation, and to pay the expenses thereof. This book could not be more timely, and I hope every scientist, and anyone who cares about America will heed Holts call for a powerful new integration of science in our public life. The Government can accomplish significant results in several ways: by aiding in the arrangement of international science congresses, in the official accrediting of American scientists to such gatherings, in the official reception of foreign scientists of standing in this country, in making possible a rapid flow of technical information, including translation service, and possibly in the provision of international fellowships. Citation; Raw Data; Library.Link Network; Borrow it Toggle Dropdown. A nation which depends upon others for its new basic scientific knowledge will be slow in its industrial progress and weak in its competitive position in world trade, regardless of its mechanical skill. Another aspect of the changing emphasis is the increase of mental diseases. But in the seventy-five years that have passed since Bush served as president of the Carnegie Institution for Science and published this transformational proposal, too many of our leaders have failed to grasp the central role that science plays in assuring our national strength and well-being. It's one thing to have equations describing the way a single molecule of water behaves. For many years the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics has supplemented the work of the Army and Navy by conducting basic research on the problems of flight. It should, moreover, have sufficient recognition to secure prompt and practical decisions. Through the Land Grant College acts the Government has supported research in state institutions for more than 80 years on a gradually increasing scale. The plan is, further, that all those who receive such scholarships or fellowships in science should be enrolled in a National Science Reserve and be liable to call into the service of the Government, in connection with scientific or technical work in time of war or other national emergency declared by Congress or proclaimed by the President. . Many of the lessons learned in the war-time application of science under Government can be profitably applied in peace. 6. In discharging these responsibilities Federal funds should be made available. First issued when Vannevar Bush was the director of the US Office of Scientific Research and Development during the Second World War, this classic remains vital in making the case that scientific progress is necessary to a nations health, security, and prosperity. One lesson is clear from the reports of the several committees attached as appendices. More Filters. The Endless Frontier: The Next 75 Years in Science The National Academy of Sciences hosted a symposium on February 26, 2020, that gathered top business, academic, and government leaders to explore whether the modern research architecture that fuels U.S. innovation needs to be reconfigured to meet the challenges of our time. Notwithstanding great progress in prolonging the span of life and relief of suffering, much illness remains for which adequate means of prevention and cure are not yet known. Approximately the scale of allowances provided for under the educational program for returning veterans has been used in estimating the cost of this program. The usual controls of audits, reports, budgeting, and the like, should, of course, apply to the administrative and fiscal operations of the Foundation, subject, however, to such adjustments in procedure as are necessary to meet the special requirements of research. Placing the civilian military research function in the proposed agency would bring it into close relationship with a broad program of basic research in both the natural sciences and medicine. The obligation of Government to support research on military problems is inescapable. The possibility of an endless frontier is a consequence of an idea known as emergence. II. . Like him, we need to be informed by history, not hamstrung by it. He layers historical context with a deeper examination of publicly funded science, and he challenges the scientific community to be more inclusive. Now elevated and updated by the brilliant writing of former congressman Rush Holt, an unmatched champion for the advancement of science, this book is a forceful declaration of the value of science for our democracy and a ringing call to action for policymakers and the American people alike. organize and share citations. The legislation puts technology commercialization on an equal footing with scientific research in America's national innovation system by creating a new technology directorate at the National Science Foundation. The reduction in death rate from diseases of childhood has shifted the emphasis to the middle and old age groups, particularly to the malignant diseases and the degenerative processes prominent in later life. After a program is under way perhaps 20 million dollars a year can be spent effectively. Background Citations. In providing government support, however, we must endeavor to preserve as far as possible the private support of research both in industry and in the colleges, universities, and research institutes. At the heart of the challenges is the adsorption of foreign gas atoms or molecules on the sample surface. They have led to extravagantly critical attacks which tend to discredit a basically sound system. New Responsibilities for Government. To promote disruptive science and technology, scholars may be encouraged to read widely and given time to keep up with the rapidly expanding knowledge frontier. Learn more about ebooks and audio from Princeton University Press. In recent decades, Chinese researchers have become preeminent contributors to the scientific enterprise, as reflected by the number of publications originating from Chinese research institutions. But without scientific progress no amount of achievement in other directions can insure our health, prosperity, and security as a nation in the modern world. At their best they provide the scientific worker with a strong sense of solidarity and security, as well as a substantial degree of personal intellectual freedom. If those who have the means coincided entirely with those persons who have the talent we should not be squandering a part of our higher education on those undeserving of it, nor neglecting great talent among those who fail to attend college for economic reasons. The division Members should be appointed for such terms as the Members of the Foundation may determine, and may be reappointed at the discretion of the Members. United Kingdom While there will always be the rare individual who will rise to the top without benefit of formal education and training, he is the exception and even he might make a more notable contribution if he had the benefit of the best education we have to offer. Science, The Endless Frontier is generally recognized as the iconic text of U.S. science policy. The Routledge Handbook of Literature and Space maps the key areas of spatiality within literary studies, offering a comprehensive overview but also pointing towards new and exciting directions of study. His philosophy was that the entire purpose of education 'is to create Nazis'. EPUB or PDF. We think as we think because we are not interested in setting up an elect. Neither our allies nor, so far as we know, our enemies have done anything so radical as thus to suspend almost completely their educational activities in scientific pursuits during the war period. China Where will these new products come from? Bush, Vannevar; Abstract. I cannot improve on President Conant's statement that: "* * * in every section of the entire area where the word science may properly be applied, the limiting factor is a human one. The development moved from the early laboratory stage to large scale production and use in a fraction of the time it would have taken without such leadership. Basic scientific research should not, therefore, be placed under an operating agency whose paramount concern is anything other than research. Review: Science, the Endless Frontier, by Vannevar Bush | The American Biology Teacher | University of California Press Volume 25, Issue 3 March 1963 Previous Article Next Article Book Review | March 01 1963 Review: Science, the Endless Frontier, by Vannevar Bush Science, the Endless Frontier Vannevar Bush Adherence to the usual procedures in the case of research contracts will impair the efficiency of research operations and will needlessly increase the cost of the work of the Government. We will not get ahead in international trade unless we offer new and more attractive and cheaper products. As stated earlier in this report, military preparedness requires a permanent, independent, civilian-controlled organization, having close liaison with the Army and Navy, but with funds direct from Congress and the clear power to initiate military research which will supplement and strengthen that carried on directly under the control of the Army and Navy. Fortunately, this country had the scientists -- and the time -- to make this contribution and thus to advance the date of victory. The Internal Revenue Code should be amended to remove present uncertainties in regard to the deductibility of research and development expenditures as current charges against net income. To enlarge the group of specially qualified men and women it is necessary to increase the number who go to college. There are areas of science in which the public interest is acute but which are likely to be cultivated inadequately if left without more support than will come from private sources. The striking advances in medicine during the war have been possible only because we had a large backlog of scientific data accumulated through basic research in many scientific fields in the years before the war. With the exception of the director, the division members, and one executive officer appointed by the director to administer the affairs of each division, all employees of the Foundation should be appointed under Civil Service regulations. Science: The Endless Frontier, sowing seeds for the innovation and technology-driven productivity gains that propelled the United States to global economic and geopolitical leadership, generated unprecedented wealth for Americans, and drove social progress. We all know how much the new drug, penicillin, has meant to our grievously wounded men on the grim battlefronts of this war -- the countless lives it has saved -- the incalculable suffering which its use has prevented. Science, the endless frontier. Citation []. Special Authority. Download citation. During the nineteenth century the Coast and Geodetic Survey, the Naval Observatory, the Department of Agriculture, and the Geological Survey were established. THE MEANS TO THE END The history of medical science teaches clearly the supreme importance of affording the prepared mind complete freedom for the exercise of initiative. Some of us know the vital role which radar has played in bringing the United Nations to victory over Nazi Germany and in driving the Japanese steadily back from their island bastions. July 1945. The scientist doing basic research may not be at all interested in the practical applications of his work, yet the further progress of industrial development would eventually stagnate if basic scientific research were long neglected. It has been basic United States policy that Government should foster the opening of new frontiers. The "Endless Frontier Act" would authorize over $100 billion for research into key technology like artificial intelligence, machine learning, supercomputing, semiconductors, robotics, and the like. In retrospect: ScienceThe endless frontier. "Alondra Nelson, president of the Social Science Research Council, "Rush Holts essay on Science, the Endless Frontier celebrates science discovery and the democratization of science. We do not know yet how we shall reach that goal, but it is certain that it can be achieved only by releasing the full creative and productive energies of the American people. Publicly and privately supported colleges and universities and the endowed research institutes must furnish both the new scientific knowledge and the trained research workers. Pub Date: 1945 Bibcode: 1945sef..bookB Keywords: Science and state; Research; 4 Citations. A PROBLEM OF SCIENTIFIC RECONVERSION There should certainly not be any absolute requirement that all rights in such discoveries be assigned to the Government, but it should be left to the discretion of the director and the interested Division whether in special cases the public interest requires such an assignment. * * * There is never enough ability at high levels to satisfy all the needs of the nation; we would not seek to draw into science any more of it than science's proportionate share.". 4. The other is to provide for preparation of the material and its publication in a form and at a price which will facilitate dissemination and use. Science and the great practical genius of this nation made this achievement possible. It is the special province of the medical schools and universities to foster medical research in this way -- a duty which cannot be shifted to government agencies, industrial organizations, or to any other institutions. The abuses should be corrected. Science, the endless frontier First published in 1960 Subjects Science and state , Influence , World War, 1939-1945 , Research Places United States Edit Science, the endless frontier This edition was published in New York. The amount which can be effectively spent in the first year should not exceed 5 million dollars. The Generation in Uniform Must Not Be Lost. "Robert Cook-Deegan, Arizona State University, "With this visionary report, Science: The Endless Frontier, Vannevar Bush transformed US research policy and set our nation on a path of economic expansion and world scientific leadership. The answer is clear. Other examples can be cited in which medical progress has been similarly advanced. . Scientific progress. With his insightful introduction to this landmark work, Rush Holt sets forth a persuasive case that a new science policy is vital, not only to our research infrastructure, but also to our very democracy. Subject to the direction and supervision of the Foundation Members (acting as a board), the director should discharge all the fiscal, legal, and administrative functions of the Foundation. To initiate and finance in appropriate agencies, institutions, or organizations, research on problems related to the national defense. Citation Type. Research Impact Series:Understanding Research Metrics. Much medical progress, for example, will come from fundamental advances in chemistry. Each year 125,000 new mental cases are hospitalized. The primary place for medical research is in the medical schools and universities. Nature - "Science, the Endless Frontier" . Interestingly, this . In normal times, in view of the restrictive statutory prohibitions against dual interests on the part of Government officials, it would be virtually impossible to persuade persons having private employment of any kind to serve the Government in an official capacity. However, two decades into the 21. st century, the global environment for leveraging . It results in general knowledge and an understanding of nature and its laws. Private foundations and other groups partially fulfill some of these functions at present, but their scope is incomplete and inadequate. Some small enterprises never receive any of the benefits. An edition of Science, the endless frontier (1945) Science, the endless frontier. But these things do not mark the end of progress -- they are but the beginning if we make full use of our scientific resources. "US Congresswoman Anna Eshoo, "Vannevar Bushs influential text, Science, the Endless Frontier, laid out a roadmap for a whole new relationship between science, technology, and the federal government. The event was held in partnership with The Kavli Foundation and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation to mark the 75th anniversary of the publication of Vannevar Bush's seminal report Science, the Endless Frontier, which created . They must attract our best scientists as teachers and investigators. Thanks to the wise provision of the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy, most of the results of war-time medical research have been published. Has PDF. Washington, DC: National Science Foundation. A permanent Science Advisory Board should be created to consult with these scientific bureaus and to advise the executive and legislative branches of Government as to the policies and budgets of Government agencies engaged in scientific research. At the same time, the teaching hospitals are especially well qualified to carry on medical research because of their close connection with the medical schools, on which they depend for staff and supervision. Scientific progress on a broad front results from the free play of free intellects, working on subjects of their own choice, in the manner dictated by their curiosity for exploration of the unknown. - 1. In order to accomplish the purposes of the Foundation the Members should establish several professional Divisions to be responsible to the Members. What we often forget are the millions of pay envelopes on a peacetime Saturday night which are filled because new products and new industries have provided jobs for countless Americans. . It will not receive the attention it requires if left to industry. But we must proceed with caution in carrying over the methods which work in wartime to the very different conditions of peace. There are brains and character, strength and health, happiness and spiritual vitality, interest and motivation, and no one knows what else, that must needs enter into this supra-mathematical calculus. The country may be proud of the fact that 95 percent of boys and girls of the fifth grade age are enrolled in school, but the drop in enrollment after the fifth grade is less satisfying. 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