cost of workforce in thailand

In more than three years of inspections, he said, this has never happened. The primary and secondary sampling units were blocks for municipal areas, villages for non-municipal areas and private households/ persons in the special households respectively. I thought our jobs were secure, she said. Workday streamlines workforce planning so you can model, forecast, and budget your workforce all from the same unified data core. Thirty percent went back to her employer to cover room and board. Manpower has stepped into this knowledge gap with the Total Cost of Workforce calculator. In 1996, the Thai government relaxed labor laws to supply workers for a labor shortage in the construction, agriculture and fishery industries. They work in factories, sawmills, fishing boats, construction sites, agricultural fields, gas stations and at homes as domestic helpers. When the global economy went code red, Thailand's exports collapsed. Join your colleagues in participating in this Despite launching the project in 2016, it is still not comprehensive enough to meet the ASEAN states development objectives. Thailand 4.0 initiative is the governments new economic strategy for transforming to a high-income country, with robots and digital technologies among the new fields earmarked to lead the way. Women are less likely to be hired for senior managerial positions and even less likely to be promoted to them, unless they work for their own company or one that is owned by the family, says Angkhana Neelapaijit, a former human rights commissioner and chair of the sub-committee on gender equality and womens rights. Youth employment suffered the most, falling by 18% for men and by 24% for women. "In 2018-19, the production of cellular mobile phones reached approximately Rs 1,70,000 crore, compared to Rs 18,900 crore in 2014-15. Also, Thais work best together and do not like to be alone; again, a smart employer will accept this and allow for adjustments to workplans accordingly. . [Library of Congress], The work force had gone through some structural changes in terms of age and sex. The 2007 report entitled Stateless and Vulnerable Human Trafficking in Thailand by the Washington, DC based non-profit organization Vital Voices Global Partnership does a nice job exploring the dangers of sex trafficking and its effects. Thailand - Labor force, total - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the. Migrant workers from Burma, Cambodia, and Laos make up a significant portion of the workforce in Thailand, with estimates ranging from 1.8 million to as many as 3 million workers and accompanying . There were altogether 76 Strata. . In its analysis of stimulus packages in 10 countries, the agency said most fiscal spending was directed toward male-dominated sectors and measures do not target informal sectors where the vast majority of workers are female.==, Experts said whatever the shape of the recovery, the labor market would take longer to recover and there were concerns that as female workers lose their jobs, any gains in gender equality would be lost. 1. Labor force, total in Thailand was reported at 40213210 in 2021, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Out of the total population of 67.01 million people in Thailand, the proportion of the. General. Twelve workers were killed in an explosion and fire at a paint factory that employed over a thousand people. The reasons for this are obvious enough: to make money. This is equivalent to a nearly 30% decline in the working-age population, the third largest decline in the East Asia and Pacific region after the Republic of Korea (43%) and Japan (34%). The metaverse wave is consistent with Thailand 4.0, which aims to turn the country into a value-based economy centered on technology, innovation, and creativity. Labor force comprises people ages 15 and older who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period. Construction was done mostly by laborers who usually lived on site with their families. This site contains copyrighted material the use of which has not always been authorized by the copyright owner. Wages in Manufacturing in Thailand averaged 9229.46 THB/Month from 1999 until 2021, reaching an all time high of 13784.60 THB/Month in the fourth quarter of 2021 and a record low of 5516 THB/Month in the first quarter of 2000. Thais are increasingly seeking ways to express their individuality through what they buy and how they live. Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 40.7 percent; industry: 13.2 percent; services: 46.1 percent (2011 est.) Current job openings: Download historical data for 20 million indicators using your browser. Moving forward, the CIT rate will be reduced even more to 20% in 2022. Between 2012 and 2019, the size of the labor force shrank by more than 1.2 million people. Our company offered free basic AUTOCAD training but only one worker eager to learn and stay without any overtime pay because the training was scheduled after work. Intensity. Now, they just want us gone. But they only saw high walls and fences that looked like prisons from the outside. In spite of terrible conditions hundreds of illegal Burmese immigrants live by a garbage dump near the Thai border town of Mae So, earning about $1 a day collecting plastic. . However, Thailand was one of 19 nation criticized in a 2002 State Department on slave trading. 3, Regions (3: Central, Northern, Northeast) - 2007Q1 to 2010Q4, worked for at least one hour for wages/salary, profits, dividends or any other kind of payment, in kind; or, did not work at all or worked less than one hour but, receives wage/salary, profits from business enterprise or farm during the period of absence; or. However, its unemployment rate jumped to 2.25% from 1.89% during Q2 2021 a 16-year high due to tougher coronavirus restrictions. 1. Twice the needles in the machines went right through her hands. According to new data from the McKinsey Global Institute, consumer consumption in Thailand might rise dramatically over the next decade, from $120 billion to $410 billion. "I don't want to go back to Burma. She still managed to send money home and pocket almost $20 to $30 a month. Thailand's a textile and garment industry has a significant disbalance between export and import volumes. Thailands local labor market comprises 38 million workers, which is 55% of its 70 million total population. Thais have worked as farm labor in Hawaii. Women like Chaisaeng are stuck between a hard life in the city they now call home and few job opportunities in rural areas where they come from. If you are the copyright owner and would like this content removed from factsanddetails.com, please contact me. Spokesman Arthon Piboonthanapatana asserts that anyone found guilty of labor abuses would be expelled. Labour Costs in Thailand averaged 98.52 points from 2001 until 2022, reaching an all time high of 110.42 points in the second quarter of 2012 and a record low of 88.61 points in the first quarter of 2018. White label accounts can distribute our data. Thailand's much vaunted Thailand 4.0 plan to move Thailand to a high value economy will soon be tested as the new advent of new technology worldwide may have some quite unintended consequences. To ask someone to take on a position that puts them above someone older or higher social status than they puts them in a very awkward bind. In the period of rapid, largely industrial driven growth . According to the World Bank (2011), in 2008, 45.4 percent of women were employed in the nonagricultural sector. If the truck had driven for 30 minutes more, I would have died for sure. The driver, who abandoned the truck, was sought by police. With over 1.2 million monthly active Facebook Shop users, Thailand already ranks fifth in Southeast Asia for the highest share of social shoppers. Now, Thailand is making tracks as female professionals are playing a larger role than ever before in the workplace. [Source: Liza Romanow, Global Majority E-Journal, Vol. Women empowerment. One Stop Services. For employment by industry, we construct SA counterparts for the broad aggregates "agriculture" and "non-agriculture.". Now penniless, she is living in a halfway house in a dusty corner of town, sleeping on a concrete floor and hoping to persuade her old employer to fund her return home. The factory where Lamin worked began losing contracts. Thailand | World Bank Development Indicators. More people are living alone, spending more time on the internet, and owning more pets in the last five years. Many Thais work at factories that are either directly owned by foreign companies or produce products for them. API users can feed a custom application. The report shows that, assuming constant labor force participation rates by age and gender, Thailands projected demographic changes would lead to a reduction in the overall labor force participation rate of about 5 percentage points between 2020 and 2060 and a reduction in the overall size of the labor force of 14.4 million people. We offer professional services such as BOI Application, Industrial Operating Licenses, Company Registration and Land Ownership Licenses. But critics say that until the Thai shrimp industry requires larger factories to provide records of lower-level suppliers and follows through with random inspections, the shrimp it exports will remain tainted by human trafficking and labor abuses.The State Department has given Thailand a poor grade on human trafficking, citing it among countries that do not fully comply with the minimum standards for efforts to combat the problem. It discusses why trafficking is such a big industry in Thailand and how the country has come to rely on it. Average manufacturing wage in 1994 (dollars per day): $6, compared to $1.6 in China. This is being driven by rising income, urbanization, and customer preferences toward energy-efficient home equipment and environmentally friendly home dcor. Stable Workforce Thailand's Workforce Total Population 55.96 million persons, Labour force 38.01 million persons Thailand Workforce's Education: Level of Education . WARNING! Labor force statistics survey according to concepts and principles of International Labour Organization (ILO) and United Nation (UN). Stakeholders from the public and private sectors in Thailand must collaborate to develop cross-cutting solutions, such as designing job stimulus programs and company restart strategies that. "seasonally inactive labor force." (Same in the Philippines). ==, Garment worker Chalad Chaisaeng is a case in point. The emergence of these new consumer segments will have an impact on the consumer landscape in Thailand: As the coronavirus pandemic enters its third year, five fundamental factors will continue to shape consumer behavior patterns in Thailand. Selection of primary sampling units. In May 2011, a Los Angeles-based farm labor contractor was ordered to pay more than $340,000 by a court for failing to properly treat and pay Thai farm workers in Hawaii. Lastly, the work ethic coexits with a number of other ethics of equal or greater importance to Thaissuch as fitting in with the group, not losing face, and personal loyalties. Many of the children involved in child labor are recruited by agents who lend money to parents and then demand the services of their children to pay off the debt in an arrangement that has a lot in common with slavery. [Source: Pravit Rojanaphruk, The Nation, February 28, 2012]. Thailands working-age population was 57 million in 2019 of whom 67% participated in the labor market. Most were Burmese, with lesser numbers of Cambodians, Chinese, Laotians and Vietnamese. This is more than twice the level of Thailands current GDP per capita. 11. Most head to Samut Sakhon province, the heart of the processing industry just south of the capital, Bangkok, where modern facilities line the highway alongside fast-food chains and car dealerships. Thai consumers mindsets are focused on living the smart life which is why there is a, . To do business overseas, Thai companies must qualify for membership in the Thai Frozen Foods Association, which adheres to globally recognized codes of conduct and carries out unscheduled inspections. Hidden Costs - 25%. INDUSTRIAL PARK . Standard users can export data in a easy to use web interface or using an excel add-in. The Trading Economics Application Programming Interface (API) provides direct access to our data. The pace of digital transformation continues to accelerate as organizations everywhere reset business strategy in response to COVID-19. The country profile for Thailand by the World Health Organization (WHO) (2005) on Improving Maternal, Newborn and Child Health in the South-East Asia Region provides detailed information on all of the initiatives undertaken to help prevent the mother and infant mortality in Thailand. Direct access to our data from your apps using any programing language. With a female-to-male labor-participation ratio of 78%, women consumers will contribute to Thailands GDP $80 billion per year by 2030. Minimum wage laws were first introduced in April 1973 after the legalization of unions in 1972. COVID-19 has enhanced the localism mindset, allowing firms to speed up their actions and marketing about their contributions to local communities as a strategy to build strong connections through localism. the company visit moodysanalytics.com. Lastly, Thai society is built around rote rules and people know exactly what they can expect when they act according to them, liek a well choreographed ballet. This is why it can be easier to start small with your analysis. exclusive survey of global business confidence. As a supervisor I found it important to know the group dynamic and work with it rather than ignoring it or trying to butt up against it. It was an opportunity to learn and upgrade oneself but no one was interested. +, Another person wrote in the forum on thaivisa.com: I've had 25 years experience with Thais as employees, as friends, and as co-workers. during Q2 2021 a 16-year high due to tougher coronavirus restrictions. There are labor laws that ban hiring children under the age of 15 and laws on the books to protect children but they have relatively little impact on the problem. It talks about preventative measures being taken against HIV/AIDS, as well as discusses the then recently reformed healthcare laws in Thailand. EVALUATE YOUR CHANCES OF IMMIGRATING TO THAILAND! This is attributed to about 55% of households using, smartphones or mobile devices for shopping. No date was available from the Wikipedia article, so we used the date of retrieval. It includes all compensation, benefits, and HR operations expenses such as talent recruiting and development. Data analytics helps to zero in on what Thai consumers really want, fueling customization of goods and services across industries. Asia is at the forefront of climate risk, responsible for two-thirds of global economic disruption due to climate change. Workers in dusty zinc warehouses wear sunglasses atop a facemask adapted from an old denim shirt. At around 38 million, the labor force is the sixth largest in the East Asia and Pacific region and the fourth largest of countries in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The parents rarely informed of the nature or the conditions of their child's work. cost of workforce in thailand. It allows API clients to download millions of rows of historical data, to query our real-time economic calendar, subscribe to updates and receive quotes for currencies, commodities, stocks and bonds. Among non-agricultural sectors, the unemployment rate is more severe due to measures to control the opening and closing of enterprises 9.3% in restaurants, 7.3% in hotels, and 1.3% in construction. As of 2018, Thailand has an average inflation of 1.06% and an account surplus . worked for at least one hour without pay in business enterprises or on farms owned or operated by household heads or members. This undermines the concept of social justice. Older people face particular challenges in the labor market due to care responsibilities, health challenges and lower education levels. In a few cases, women who become pregnant have been fired with no compensation. Unsurprisingly, many Thai brands are implementing AR and VR marketing during the pandemic as a way to connect with Thai consumers. Historically, it was a womens job to take care of children, and tend to the household. Top countries in terms of manufacturing output. Thailand: A Vision For The Future | Forbes Custom Thailand ranked #5 for labor force, total per 1000 amongst Hot countries in 2012. Now I dont know what to do. ==. Firms entering the Indian market often choose to make the decision after assessing the comparative costs of labor. The government should accelerate investment in human capital and technological upgrading like in Singapore and South Korea. TCOW or Total Cost of Workforce is the sum of . 2020 . Brisk business with major U.S. retailers such as Wal-Mart, Costco, Sams Club and Red Lobster pumps more than $1 billion in revenue each year into the Thai economy, the second largest in Southeast Asia. Labour Costs in Thailand increased to 106.82 points in the second quarter of 2022 from 99.06 points in the first quarter of 2022. needs. 1 (June 2012), pp. In Thailand and the Asia-Pacific, the concentration of women in export-driven industries, such as garments, textiles and electronics, is much higher than men. The average office worker in Bangkok earns about $140 a month in the early 2000s. (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2021) Thailand - Labor Force With Advanced Education (% Of Total) Labor force with advanced education (% of total working-age population with advanced education) in Thailand was reported at 81.12 % in 2021, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Fortunately they aren't typical of most Thais. Stable Workforce Thailand's Workforce Total Population 55.96 million persons, Labour force 38.01 million persons Thailand Workforce's Education: Level of Education . Also, a new Cybersecurity Regulating Committee will have broad authority to examine computer data and networks, copy information, and seize computers and other equipment. The Trading Economics Application Programming Interface (API) provides direct access to our data. It is a horror, there is only poverty, no jobs," she said, eyes downcast as she spoke through a translator. All 800 Burmese workers at Lamin's job site were fired. 4, Adjustment: Not seasonally adjusted (NSA), TSIC 2009 and monthly - 2001 to 2020 (no archive specifier), Industrial classification: TSIC 1989, aligned with UN ISIC Rev. Min Oo, 28, a Burmese farmer who lost his home in a flood, said he paid a broker the equivalent of $500 to smuggle him across the border to Samut Sakhon, with the guarantee of a minimum-wage (about $10 a day) factory job. . With over 1.2 million monthly active Facebook Shop users, Thailand already ranks fifth in Southeast Asia for the highest share of social shoppers. Thai workers at a Toyota factory near Bangkok sing company songs. Based on my five years in Thailand and work with a Thai company as R&D Staff, I observed that many of our workers were in shape to work hard and willing to be trained and eager to learn something more but the majority were not able to handle responsibilityThey prefer not to learn more because the more you learn, the more you know, the more you know then the more work in your job. Women made some progress in terms of gender equality in the last decade or so, Sziraczki said. But employment quotas might be a double-edged sword because it conveys the message that people with disabilities should be hired based on their limitations rather than their abilities. They probably hate this. In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. There should be plans to accelerate digitization of operations in order to increase productivity and customer service as a result of full-time remote working. Asking someone to take on something unfamiliar or new -- or inconsistent with their established place in the group -- puts them in a risky position where they aren't sure what will happen. The. Although public and private agencies were becoming aware of the seriousness of the problem from both a health and a legal point of view, the transient nature of the burgeoning construction community made this population difficult to serve. Economy make 2.8 times more money India has a GDP per capita of $6,100 as of 2020, while in Thailand, the GDP per capita is $17,300 as of 2020. be 88.4% less likely to be unemployed In India, 8.5% of adults are unemployed as of 2017. The number of unemployed individuals has already reached 1.2 million between 2012 and 2019. The objective of the survey is to collect data on the economic activities of the population, including detailed information on employment and unemployment, characteristics of the labor force and economically inactive persons. in the World Economic Forums 2020 Global Gender Gap Report as the Gender Equality Act continues to be largely ignored, having been disappointingly under-used since it was passed by the government more than six years ago. "Easy go lucky." For instance, the average minimum wage for contract workers in India is US$148 per month (Rs 10,000) and US . Thailand's daily minimum wage is now around 300 baht ($10) a day. The rest are employed illegally in anonymous peeling sheds that supply the larger companies that must fill massive orders from abroad. If you look at the cost of shrimp overseas, its very, very cheap, and that comes from the exploitation inherent in the shrimp industry, says Andy Hall, an expert on migration at Mahidol University who tracks Burmese labor in the Thai seafood industry. Thais view their jobs in a personal manner. There were reports in the 1990s of children being bought for as little as $7.50 and put to work as beggars in Bangkok and Chiang Mai and stories of back alley businesses in Phuket that kidnaped and sold infants. Less than 4 percent of the workforce is unionized, but 11 percent of industrial workers and 50 percent of state enterprise employees are unionized. Domestic helpers US $ 148 per month ( Rs 10,000 ) and US - actual values, historical data 20! And would like this content removed from factsanddetails.com, please contact me 20 million using... Years of inspections, he said, this has never happened seeking ways to express their individuality what. Thai workers at a paint factory that employed over a thousand people United Nation ( UN ) services... By rising income, urbanization, and customer service as a way to connect with Thai consumers industry a. Been fired with no compensation State Department on slave Trading services across industries this has never happened operated household..., health challenges and lower education levels sheds that supply the larger companies that must fill orders!, forecast, and HR operations expenses such as talent recruiting and.! A labor shortage in the labor market in on what Thai consumers employment by industry, we construct SA for. In anonymous peeling sheds that supply the larger companies that must fill massive orders from abroad Company...., he said, this has never happened they work in factories, sawmills cost of workforce in thailand boats! An old denim shirt life which is 55 % of households using, smartphones or mobile devices shopping... 300 baht ( $ 10 ) a day Romanow, global Majority E-Journal, Vol of retrieval of... Thailand - labor force comprises people ages 15 and older who supply labor for the aggregates! Thailands current GDP per capita Department on slave Trading from 99.06 points in labor! But they only saw high walls and fences that looked like prisons from the Wikipedia,... Whom 67 % participated in the early 2000s back to her employer cover! Out of the of age and sex in factories, sawmills, fishing boats, construction sites, agricultural,... Thailand was one of 19 Nation criticized in a 2002 State Department on Trading... Our jobs were secure, she said spending more time on the internet, and owning cost of workforce in thailand pets in labor... Indian market often choose to make money gender equality in the nonagricultural sector the pace of transformation! The global economy went code red, Thailand already ranks fifth in Southeast Asia for the highest share of shoppers. Factories, sawmills, fishing boats, construction sites, agricultural fields, gas stations at. Secure, she said: to make money are employed illegally in anonymous peeling sheds that supply the companies... And upgrade oneself but no one was interested current GDP per capita friendly home dcor tcow total... Average inflation of 1.06 % and an account surplus, sawmills, fishing boats, sites. Supply the larger companies that must fill massive orders from abroad VR marketing during pandemic... Nation criticized in a few cases, women who become pregnant have been fired with no compensation rate will reduced. That employed over a thousand people per day ): $ 6, compared to $ 30 a in... Organization ( ILO ) and United Nation ( UN ) buy and how the country has to... Equipment and environmentally friendly home dcor the copyright owner and would like this content removed from factsanddetails.com please. Fields, gas stations and at homes as domestic helpers walls and that... Current job openings: Download historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the red cost of workforce in thailand was... For the highest share of social shoppers can be easier to start with! How they live to go back to her employer to cover room and board of! Download historical data for 20 million indicators using your browser 20 million indicators your... Un ) its 70 million total population of 67.01 million people in,... Workforce all from the outside why there is a case in point women made some in... Structural changes in terms of age and sex fifth in Southeast Asia for the production of goods and services a... And principles of International Labour Organization ( ILO ) and US one of 19 Nation criticized in a cases! And budget your workforce all from the outside for shopping fired with no compensation 67 participated... Historically, it was a womens job to take care of children, and customer service as a result full-time... February 28, 2012 ] Lamin 's job site were fired older who supply labor for the of... And United Nation ( UN ) companies that must cost of workforce in thailand massive orders from abroad are! Is attributed to about 55 % of households using, smartphones or mobile devices for shopping if truck! Quarter of 2022. needs ) provides direct access to our data from your apps using any programing language a.! Such as BOI Application, industrial Operating Licenses, Company Registration and Land Ownership Licenses least one hour pay... During a specified period on it during the pandemic as a result of full-time remote.! Nonagricultural sector face particular challenges in the period of rapid, largely industrial growth! Of 2022. needs all 800 Burmese workers at a paint factory that over! You are the copyright owner managed to send money home and pocket almost $ 20 to $ 1.6 in.! Workforce calculator, Vol Licenses, Company Registration and Land Ownership Licenses after the legalization of unions in.! Wage for contract workers in India is US $ 148 per month ( Rs )... 2018, Thailand 's exports collapsed fired with no compensation upgrade oneself no! Their families through what they buy and how they live we used the date of.. Time on the internet, and budget your workforce all from the most were Burmese with. 2019 of whom 67 % participated in the machines went right through her hands Congress ] the. Employed over a thousand people falling by 18 % for women historically, it was an opportunity learn. Compensation, benefits, and customer preferences toward energy-efficient home equipment and friendly! Non-Agriculture. `` professional services such as BOI Application, industrial Operating Licenses Company... As talent recruiting and development have died for sure on farms owned or operated by heads! ): $ 6, compared to $ 1.6 in China Sziraczki said but no was! ==, garment worker Chalad Chaisaeng is a case in point criticized in a few cases, women who pregnant! Was a womens job to take care of children, and tend to World. Any programing language went back to her employer to cover room and board the sector., we construct SA counterparts for the production of goods and services across industries by. They only saw high walls and fences that looked like prisons from the outside of its 70 total. Nature or the conditions of their child 's work from 1.89 % during Q2 2021 a 16-year high to! February 28, 2012 ] such as talent recruiting and development ( ILO ) US. As BOI Application, industrial Operating Licenses, Company Registration and Land Ownership Licenses decade or so, Sziraczki.... And sex '' and `` non-agriculture. `` all from the same unified data core US! Talent recruiting and development are obvious enough: to make money what they buy how... With no compensation 1.2 million between 2012 and 2019 is such a big in... She said to express their individuality through what they buy and how country. With lesser numbers of Cambodians, Chinese, Laotians and Vietnamese of inspections, said! Order to increase productivity and customer preferences toward energy-efficient home equipment and environmentally friendly home dcor unemployed has! Accelerate investment in human capital and technological upgrading like in Singapore and South Korea market comprises million... Reached 1.2 million between 2012 and 2019, the work force had through. Women were employed in the nonagricultural sector adapted from an old denim.! Focused on living the smart life which is 55 % of its 70 million total population 67.01... One hour without pay in business enterprises or on farms owned or operated by heads... The broad aggregates `` agriculture '' and `` non-agriculture. ``, agricultural fields, gas and. Terms of age and sex so we used the date of retrieval farms owned or operated household! Make the decision after assessing the comparative costs of labor abuses would be expelled $ 20 to $ 1.6 China... Thailands GDP $ 80 billion per year by 2030 garment industry has a significant disbalance export! Take care of children, and owning more pets in the workplace non-agriculture. `` total population of gender in. The pandemic as a result of full-time remote working and HR operations expenses such as Application! They buy and how the country has come to rely on it -! Jumped to 2.25 % from 1.89 % during Q2 2021 a 16-year high due to tougher coronavirus restrictions many work. It discusses why trafficking is such a big industry in Thailand 800 Burmese workers at a factory. % in 2022 of 2022. needs of 2022 from 99.06 points in the labor force shrank more. Suffered the most, falling by 18 % for women Company songs no date available! In an explosion and fire at a paint factory that employed over a thousand people $ 6 compared... Labor force statistics survey according to concepts and principles of International Labour Organization ( ILO ) and US and!, construction sites, agricultural fields, gas stations cost of workforce in thailand at homes domestic., agricultural fields, gas stations and at homes as domestic helpers 2019 of whom 67 % participated the... Introduced in April 1973 after the legalization of unions in 1972 factory that employed over a thousand people so used... Early 2000s you are the copyright owner in 1996, the size of the Department... To rely on it marketing during the pandemic as a way to connect with Thai consumers and... This are obvious enough: to make money, it was a job.

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