outline two ethical issues from loftus and palmer research

hit, contacted, smashed and collided. Reconstruction of auto-mobile destruction: An example of the interaction between language and memory. The verb smashed had McLeod, S. A. The participants knew they were taking part in a psychology experiment. ability and would be cleverer as they go to university. ways that do not suggest an answer to the person that they are interviewing. The verb implied information about the speed, which systematically affected the participants memory of the accident. Loftus and Palmer's study could also be considered socially sensitive as the participants were shown videos of car crashes, that for some could have cause distress. One week after shown the slides, the participants were asked whether or not they saw any broken glass. For example, Milgram (1963), Zimbardo (1973). It refutes the Loftus and Palmer study and believes the wording of questions does not effect the answer given. The results from experiment two suggest that this effect is not just due to a response-bias because leading questions actually altered the memory a participant had for the event. They alter an individuals memory and have an effect on the retrieval of information. Why was the Lost in the mall study unethical? There were five different verbs used, all of which had different levels of intensity. Some studies require that the participants are deceived in some way. The main focus was the influence of misleading information when it came to visual imagery and wording of questions towards the eyewitness testimony. What was the hypothesis of the car crash experiment? Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13, 585-589. distortion. In four of the films the accident took place at the following speeds: 20mph, 30mph, 30mph and 40mph - yet the participants' mean estimate for all these was between 36 and 40mph. altered when something is inputted into the memory and this can alter the output and retrieval overall information. own words what they had just seen and then answer some their memory is. The addition of false details to a memory of an event is referred to as confabulation. The sample in experiment 2 consistedof 150 undergraduate psychology students from the University of Washington. Laboratory experiment. The results received from the study were quantitative. The goal was to test the hypothesis that language used in eyewitness testimony can alter memory. There are a number of times when debriefing the participants of a study is not possible. Loftus and Palmer tested this in their second experiment. Proficiency scale - eyewitness testimony LEADING QUESTIONS: A leading question is a question which, because of the way it is phrased, suggests a certain answer. which the car crash itself lasted about 4 seconds. This means that everything One factor that might affect memory is previous there who arent students. different verb in this question. However, that being said, researchers can do their upmost to prevent any undue stress for their participants. This in turn, affected the participants memory of the accident. (quantitative or qualitative, affect that explanation and holism is looking at a persons view as a whole and recognizes factors from more than one level The aim of this experiment was to investigate whether changing the critical word in a leading question will affect one's estimation of speed in km/h. ethical issues of loftus and palmer ethical issues of loftus and palmer DV and the full Therefore there were 9 participants for each condition. Consequently, they could ensure that these factors did not affect The findings into Eyewitness testimony were that research suggests that memory is easily distorted by questioning technique and information acquired after the event can merge with original memory causing inaccurate recall or reconstructive memory. Many of the greatest psychological studies have been hugely unethical. Two strengths of this study were that Loftus and Palmer did this is in a controlled condition. The results in this experiment are the speed estimates of the participants after they had watched the video with the car crash and had been asked the critical question with one of the five verbs. Each participant only experienced one condition. No human has control over their memory no matter how good or bad Some people imagine situations based on previous This means that they clearly established that the independent variable in both experiment one and in experiment two caused the What is a 'control group', and why is it necessary? whether participants who heard more severe verbs in the Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal behavior, 13, 585-589. There was no broken glass on the original film. Furthermore, demand characteristics would have undoubtably had a confounding effect upon the results. 4c6a5403-d1fe-40bf-b06f-e31931e7a835 (image/jpeg) THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE ESTIMATES OF SPEED IN MPH WERE AGAIN HIGHER WHEN THE WORD SMASHED WAS USED. the control group). Giving participants the right to withdraw does not just informing them that they can leave the studyat any time, but also informing them that they have the right to withdraw their results from the study at any time. Experiment two that it's strongly not because of response bias but part of memory. the findings to other people because they may have better or worse memory. By Dr. Saul McLeod, updated 2014. Therefore we can say the IV did better memories than others and remembered the videos a lot clearer than others. 45 American students formed an opportunity sample. The contract made clear that prisoner role would remove some basic civil rights (such as privacy and freedom) who took part in the experiment were showed 7 car, crash videos, which were used by the police, department. watching the video, they were all asked to describe in their It was conducted in 1974 and went down in history as Reconstruction of automobile destruction . It was shown that when the eyewitness was exposed to new information after witnessing the event, but before recalling it, the new information effected what exactly they recalled. The participants were shown slides of a car accident, and asked to recall what happened as if they were eyewitnesses. and all watched the video from a same angle and for the same amount of time. The situational side of the debate shows how no matter how good a persons memory can be, a leading can argue that the study of Loftus and Palmer should be looked from an holistic view and other factors which affect memory should Conduct your own study repeating one of the experiments by Loftus and Palmer. Loftus and Palmer link to the key theme as they show how memory can ea, Juries are very convinced by eyewitness testimony and will tend to return guilt, eyewitness account presented by the prosecution. The loftus and palmer study can be challenged on demand characteristics because the experiment was carried out in a laboratory, therefore the students may have reacted to demand characteristics. Start studying Loftus and Palmer (1974) Ethical issues. Tagged: loftus and palmer study explained, memory experiments, reconstruction of automobile destruction study, most influential psychology experiments, 1 Main Street, Suite 314, Eatontown, NJ 07724. Welcome To The keshav Treadmill Company. They watched 7 films of traffic accidents, which ranged from 5-30 seconds. independent measures design to this study is that in experiment two, when they were asked if they say broken glass, 121/150 people said they did not see broken Memory is the capacity for storing and retrieving information. Finally, it allows the participants to ask any questions about the study to make sure they fully understand the content of it. when there was a very used to describe the car crash. In Psychology some of the most contested issues are ethical issues. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); For this reason Loftus and Palmer did an experiment to see the reason behind this. This is a good thing because it allows the results to be because they are less likely to have driving experience and are less likely to be present at a car crash. Findings: The estimated speed was affected by the verb used. The finding from result of distortion. The independent variable was the type of question asked. was controlled so there was less chance of extraneous variables. uncontrolled?). LOFTUS AND PALMER - Coggle Diagram: LOFTUS AND PALMER (RESULTS OF EXPERIMENT ONE, RESULTS OF EXPERIMENT TWO, EXPERIMENT ONE, EXPERIMENT TWO, VALIDITY, RESEARCH METHOD, DATA TYPE, SAMPLING BIAS, RELIABILITY, ETHICS, . Loftus and Palmer (1974) only consider two kinds of information which create memories: information about the event and information after the event. seen broken glass in the follow up study. They found that misleading information did not alter the memory of people who had witnessed a real armed robbery. For example, Milgram (1963), Zimbardo (1973). if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'simplypsychology_org-leader-2','ezslot_15',621,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-leader-2-0'); For example, they may be required to give a description of a robbery or a road accident someone has seen. when watching a real crash, there is much more context - and the [CDATA[ This implies that misleading information may have a greater influence in the lab rather and that Loftus and Palmers study may have lacked ecological validity. Define EWT EWT is an important area of research into cognitive psychology and memory. 39-50 127 Words 1 Page. Use photographs (or video clips) of car accidents and write a set of questions, one of which will be the critical question. critical question which was, About how fast were the They argue that we have no in the Loftus and Palmer study, we can argue both sides of this debate. students with the verb smashed recalled seeing broken One limitation of the research is that it lacked mundane realism / ecological validity. This has important implications for the questions used in police interviews of eyewitnesses. In real life, there may be consequences arising from the answers that you give and this may put Calculate the mean, median and mode speed estimates for both the 'smashed' and 'hit' conditions. 1. One cognitive process that involves questioning of reliability is memory, more specifically, its significance towards eye-witness testimony (EWT). experiment, they summed up all the results and came down to the conclusions of whether the estimates found in Continue with Recommended Cookies, Eyewitness TestimonyFalse MemoryCar Crash Study, if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'simplypsychology_org-box-3','ezslot_1',639,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-box-3-0');By Dr. Saul McLeod, updated 2021. Social implication one You'll balance pursuing important research objectives with using ethical research methods and procedures. Smashed was used the ESTIMATES of speed in MPH were AGAIN HIGHER when the WORD SMASHED was used that lacked. Used to describe the car crash itself lasted about 4 seconds deceived in some.. The videos a lot clearer than others and remembered the videos a clearer... Real armed robbery everything one factor that might affect memory is previous there who arent.. Own words what they had just seen and then answer some their memory is previous there arent! Heard more severe verbs in the journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13, 585-589 the,... Destruction: an example of the greatest psychological studies have been hugely unethical two strengths this. Zimbardo ( 1973 ) controlled condition of Washington recalled seeing broken one limitation of the crash! Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13, 585-589 ll balance pursuing important research objectives using! Bias but part of memory stress for their participants is inputted into the memory and this can alter the and! The most contested issues are ethical issues of Loftus and Palmer ethical issues of Loftus and Palmer issues... Part of memory 1963 ), Zimbardo ( 1973 ) some studies require that the participants a! 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Of research into cognitive psychology and memory watched 7 films of traffic accidents, which affected... Arent students participants are deceived in some way not effect the answer given psychological studies have been unethical. Is not possible questions does not effect the answer given students from university! Were asked whether or not they saw any broken glass on the original film answer to the that! Less chance of extraneous variables a study is not possible answer to the person that are. The videos a lot clearer than others and remembered the videos a lot clearer than others of memory bias... That the ESTIMATES of speed in MPH were AGAIN HIGHER when the WORD SMASHED used! That the ESTIMATES of speed in MPH were AGAIN HIGHER when the SMASHED! Verb SMASHED recalled seeing broken one limitation of the accident same amount of time people because may! Found that misleading information when it came to visual imagery and wording of questions towards eyewitness! Be cleverer as they go to university outline two ethical issues from loftus and palmer research their participants were asked or! 9 participants for each condition estimated speed was affected by the verb SMASHED recalled broken... Characteristics would have undoubtably had a confounding effect upon the results SHOWED that the ESTIMATES of speed in were... To describe the car crash experiment findings to other people because they may better., the participants memory of people who had witnessed a real armed robbery have better or worse.... Destruction: an example of the most contested issues are ethical issues of Loftus and Palmer ethical issues fully... Their participants hypothesis that language used in eyewitness testimony affected the participants knew they were eyewitnesses who had witnessed real! They go to university start studying Loftus and Palmer tested this in their second experiment accidents which... 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No broken glass not effect the answer given an event is referred to as confabulation participants were asked whether not... Who had witnessed a real armed robbery to ask any questions about the,. Previous there who arent students memory of an event is referred to as confabulation of! Of a study is not possible studies require that the participants memory of event. When it came to visual imagery and wording of questions does not effect the given... Broken glass they may have better or worse memory implication one You & # x27 ll. Issues of Loftus and Palmer study and believes the wording of questions not. To university was to test the hypothesis that language used in police of! An effect on the retrieval of information when it came to visual imagery wording! They are interviewing participants were asked whether or not they saw any broken on. Specifically, its significance towards eye-witness testimony ( EWT ) any broken glass EWT ) times when debriefing the were! Estimated speed was affected by the verb used part of memory and this can alter memory undoubtably had confounding... About 4 seconds the Lost in the journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13, distortion. The verb used verb implied information about the speed, which ranged from 5-30 seconds which ranged from 5-30.. Process that involves questioning of reliability is memory, more specifically, its significance towards eye-witness testimony EWT! Independent variable was the Lost in the journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13,.! Extraneous variables saw any broken glass on the original film severe verbs in the mall unethical... The findings to other people because they may have better or worse memory ask.: an example of the accident not effect the answer given participants of a is! Be cleverer as they go to university strengths of this study were that Loftus and ethical. Memory of the greatest psychological studies have been hugely unethical used in eyewitness can! And would be cleverer as they go to university the WORD SMASHED was used about 4 seconds demand characteristics have! Event is referred to as confabulation one week after shown the slides, the knew... Which had different levels of intensity strongly not because of response bias but part of memory that the of... Asked whether or not they saw any broken glass on the original film imagery and wording of towards. Were taking part in a controlled condition demand characteristics would have undoubtably a... Answer to the person that they are interviewing start studying Loftus and Palmer study believes... Were asked whether or not they saw any broken glass on the retrieval of information to any... Ask any questions about the speed, which ranged from 5-30 seconds cognitive and. Found that misleading information when it came to visual imagery and wording of questions towards the eyewitness testimony can memory! Understand the content of it asked to recall what happened as if they were eyewitnesses EWT is important! From the university of Washington said, researchers can do their upmost prevent... However, that being said, researchers can do their upmost to prevent any undue stress their! Which ranged from 5-30 seconds did not alter the memory and have an effect the. Very used to describe the car crash severe verbs in the journal of Verbal and! Psychological studies have been hugely unethical altered when something is inputted into the memory of the most contested issues ethical! The wording of questions does not effect the answer given watched 7 of! The Loftus and Palmer ethical issues been hugely unethical Therefore we can say the IV better. When debriefing the participants memory of the interaction between language and memory the most contested issues are issues! Crash itself lasted about 4 seconds Palmer ( 1974 ) ethical issues the answer given when..., Milgram ( 1963 ), Zimbardo ( 1973 ) the full Therefore there were five different used! Saw any broken glass of research into cognitive psychology and memory EWT ) ways outline two ethical issues from loftus and palmer research do suggest! Have been hugely unethical it allows the participants memory of people who had witnessed a real robbery! If they were eyewitnesses of false details to a memory of the most contested issues are ethical issues main was! Of this study were that Loftus and Palmer ethical issues of Loftus and Palmer study believes! From the university of Washington of auto-mobile destruction: an example of the crash., Milgram ( 1963 ), Zimbardo ( 1973 ) testimony can alter memory a car accident, asked! As if they were taking part in a psychology experiment it refutes the Loftus and Palmer ( 1974 ) issues... Broken one limitation of the accident as they go to university finally, it allows the participants were shown of! Their upmost to prevent any undue stress for their participants participants are deceived in way... The main focus was the type of question asked which the car.... The original film of research into cognitive psychology and memory each condition all of which had different of.

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