western leaders perspective on the white man's burden

The link between U.S. conquest of the Philippines and the lure of the China market was widely acknowledged at the time, and no one rendered this more vividly, concisely, and admiringly than the cartoonist Emil Flohri. School Begins. Uncle Sam (to his new class in Civilization): Now, children, youve got to learn these lessons whether you want to or not! Notre site en Franais: mondialisation.ca, Rudyard Kiplings famous poem The White Mans Burden was published in 1899, during a high tide of British and American rhetoric about bringing the blessings of civilization and progress to barbaric non-Western, non-Christian, non-white peoples. The humanity of our soldiers is admirable and does not tire despite the ferocity of the Boers (Official Report to the War Office. Many politicians used the phrase and its views as the basis for their imperialist and racist policies. The Native: Ever since my home was burned to the ground and my wife and children shot.. Source:Library of Congress, In this 1902 cartoon, Britains Boer War and goals on the African continent are identified with the march of civilization and progress against barbarism. Beyond commercial and military prowess, the two nations formed a natural brotherhood within attitudes later labeled as social Darwinism. Source:Bibliothque nationale de France, In this cartoon from the French special issue on concentration camps in the Boer War, a gaunt Britannia is the only living creature in a vast graveyard for dead British soldiers. Selling Empire: American Propaganda and War in the Philippines., Cullinane, M. Patrick. 301-314 (2010). Source:Bibliothque nationale de France, British soldiers laugh at the spectacle of Boer prisoners of war being shocked by an electric fence. But by the 1890s, emerging industrial powerhouses like the U.S. and Germany reduced Britains industrial dominance. U.S. Lhumanit de nos soldats est admirable et ne se lasse pas malgr la frocit des Bors (Rapport officiel au War Office. 19th Century Editorial Cartoons and the Business of Race., Thompson, Roger R. Reporting the Taiyuan Massacre from, Tuffnell, Stephen. In a run of 13 lithographs published in the July 4, 1900 issue of the French periodicalLAssiette au Beurre, the cartoonist Ren Georges Hermann-Paul was especially incisive in calling attention to this grim reality. Contemporary wars in the Philippines and Transvaal (the Boer War) comprise the foreground of the Think It Over battlefield. In mid 1899,Lifepublished this chilling view of the war in the Philippines that was to drag on for several more years. In contradiction to the western white mans burden narrative, both Bush and Blair presided over torture programs victimising Muslim people-of-colour. It is just to use every legitimate means for the enlargement of American trade; but we seek no advantages in the Orient which are not common to all. Seated around them (left to right) are a feminized Russia, Turkey, Italy, Austria, Spain, and France. So, if we do our duty aright in the Philippines, we will add to that national renown which is the highest and finest part of national life, will greatly benefit the people of the Philippine Islands, and, above all, we will play our part well in the great work of uplifting mankind. Invading foreign lands was a relatively new experience for the U.S. Un treillage de fer travers par un courant lectrique est la plus saine et la plus sre des cltures. In this rendering, progresseconomic, technological, and culturalis spread through global military aggression. New commodities also meant advances in weaponry that might give neighboring countriesin particular, Germanythe potential to strike Britain. Klein, Thoralf. Long-standing personifications and visual symbols for countries were used by cartoonists to dramatize events to suit their message. By the spring of 1900, Boxer attacks were spreading toward the capital city of Beijing. View Copy of White Man's Ellen Sebring is an artist, filmmaker, and for a decade was the Creative director of theVisualizing Culturesproject at M.I.T. 32, No. Take up the White Mans burden The savage wars of peace Fill full the mouth of Famine, And bid the sickness cease; And when your goal is nearest (The end for others sought) Watch 799820 (June 2000). Brewer, Susan. Girls are part of the obedient older class studying books labeled California, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. The only non-white student in the older group holds the book titled Alaska and is neatly coifed in contrast to the unruly new class made up of the Philippines, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and Cuba. All are depicted as dark-skinned and childish. He was just one of the imperial rulers and national figures to be demonized. This early outburst of what we refer to today as clash-of-civilizations thinking did not go unchallenged, however. Blocking its uphill path, the Chinese dragon crawls downhill bearing a Boxer waving a bloody sword and banner reading 400 Million Barbarians. The image puts progress and primitivism on a collision course at the edge of a cliff. Source:Library of Congress. 730-735 (2008). The anti-imperialistLifemagazine was similarly attuned to the hypocrisy of cloaking military violence in pious rhetoric. Source:Library of Congress. Written over the battle clouds on the right, the Spanish-American War would have inspired the depiction of Columbia as an emerging military power. To the Person Sitting in Darkness.The North American Review. In the United States, the most famous counter-voice to Kipling and his white mans burden rhetoric was the writer Mark Twain. The French leftwing magazineLAssiette au Beurre(The Butter Plate) had a substantive run from April, 1901 to October, 1912. Source: Beinecke Rare Books & Manuscripts, Yale University, A white, feminine personification of Civilization (written on her cloak) radiates light over the aged figure of China (written on his hem) running away and shielding himself with a parasol. The "white man's burden" refers to the duty of Westerners to the rest of the world. When rich tracts of gold were discovered, an influx of large numbers of British immigrants threatened to overturn Boer rule over these republics. The caption quotes one of the presidents speeches: Teaching them the truth of the common fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man, and showing that if we are not our brothers keepers we can be our brothers helpers. The phrase White Mans Je lai fait relguer sous bonne escorte. Estimates of civilian fatalities, on the other hand, range from 200,000 to possibly well over a million. Thompson, Roger R. Reporting the Taiyuan Massacre fromThe Boxers, China, andthe World. The Philippines are diminished as Only the Stepping-Stone that enables the U.S. to reach the eagerly anticipated China market. One victim of the UK Blair torture regime Fatima Boudchar was actually pregnant when kidnapped along with her husband for rendition. The Boxers, China, and the World(Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007). For example, the light of civilization literally illuminated vicious, helpless, or clueless barbarians. What do they expect from a drunken soldier, anyway? Source:Library of Congress. In 1901, occupation forces roamed the countryside to pillage, loot, and hunt for Boxers. Hevia, James Louis. This military dimension of the multi-ethnic United Kingdom is often forgotten. Civilization warns Chinas passive emperor to stop the Anarchy, Murder, and Riot spread by Boxer insurgentsvisualized as a dragon crawling over the city wallattacking missionaries, Chinese Christians, and Westerners. The Pigtail Has Got to Go. Louis Dalrymple,Puck, October 19, 1898. Presence of a German fleet lent evidence to one of the justifications the U.S. gave for war with Spain, that is, to protect the Philippines from takeover by a rival major power. The black-and-white drawing by William H. Walker captured the harsh reality behind the ideal of benevolent assimilation, depicting imperialists Uncle Sam, John Bull, Kaiser Wilhelm, and, coming into view, a figure that probably represents France, as burdens carried by vanquished non-white peoples. Uneasiness over the idea of using force to govern a country was overcome by tracing the issue of consent back through recent history. Allied troops departed Tianjin for Beijing on August 4. President McKinley at the Conference of Foreign Missions. The fallen man clasps the flag of the Philippine independence movement, inscribed with the words Give Us Liberty. His hat quotes the most famous phrase in the U.S. Beyond flat-out aggression and repression, the common thread that linked the imperialist powers, in Twains critique, was the hypocrisy of expansionist rhetoric about Civilization and Progress. (He itemized the virtues that supposedly animated this white mans burden as Love, Justice, Gentleness, Christianity, Protection of the Weak, Temperance, Law and Order, Liberty, Equality, Honorable Dealing, Mercy, and Education.) The February 1901 essay opens with the satirical observation that: Extending the Blessings of Civilization to our Brother who Sits in Darkness has been a good trade and has paid well, on the whole; and there is money in it yet, if carefully workedbut not enough, in my judgement, to make any considerable risk advisable. The poem acknowledged the thanklessness of a task rewarded with The blame of those ye better, The hate of those ye guard and sentimentalized the savage wars of peace as self-sacrificial crusades undertaken for the greater good. Britains John Bull leads Uncle Sam uphill as the two imperialists take up the White Mans Burden in this detail from an overtly racist 1899 cartoon referencing Kiplings poem. Source:Library of Congress. Vebers series, Les Camps de Reconcentration au Transvaal, begins with the cover image Le Silence, in which a veiled woman holds her finger to her lips, standing over the remnants of what appears to be an electric fence and a plow that suggests the earth has been tilled to bury evidence. Newspapers carried pictures of corpses and stories of rape and plunder, notably in the wealthy merchant city of Tongzhou just before troops reached Beijing. Vaughan, Christopher. Transatlantic dimensions of the American Anti-Imperialist Movement, 1899-1909.Journal of Transatlantic Studies. Declaration of Independence:Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.. According to Kipling, European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized places. Prisoners will not be taken! Along with his burden of steel, trains, sewing machines, and other industrial goods, Uncle Sam carries a book titled Education, Religion in a nod to the rhetoric of moral uplift that accompanied the commercial goals of the civilizing mission. 77-99 (2011). Britain stepped in to defend the rights of the immigrants, known asuitlanders(foreigners) to the Boers. The caption at their feet exclaims United We Stand for Civilization and Peace!, United We Stand for Civilization and Peace! Louis Dalrymple,Puck, June 8, 1898. Harpers Weeklylater echoed the classroom scene with a cover captioned Uncle Sams New Class in the Art of Self-Government. The class is disrupted by revolutionaries from the new U.S. territories of the Philippines and Cuba, whose vicious fight brands them as barbarously unfit for self-rule. copyright owner. The aggressors brought progress in the form of modern technology, communications, and Western dress and culture. Leonhard, Robert R.The China Relief Expedition: Joint Coalition Warfare in China,Summer 1900(Laurel, MD: Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University). In an 1895Puckcartoon, A Rival Who Has Come to Stay, John Bull gapes while Uncle Sam proudly displays his prowess as Uncle Sam the Ship Builder. The U.S. Navy moved up from twelfth to fifth place in the world. As the caption indicates, this cover illustration dismisses charges of imperialism that critics directed against American expansion at the turn of the century.Harpers Weekly took pride in billing itself as A Journal of Civilization. The barbarians depicted here are Chinese Boxers who committed atrocities against Christian missionaries. The U.S. must govern its new territories with or without their consent until they can govern themselves. Veneration of Britains treatment of colonies as a positive model attests to the significant shift in the American world view given U.S. origins in relation to the mother country. The blackboard contains the lessons learned from Great Britain on how to govern a colony and bring them into the civilized world, stating, By not waiting for their consent she has greatly advanced the worlds civilization. The white man's burden poem was written by Rudyard Kipling. The larger objective, to gain control of the Boer territories, was part of Britains colonial scheme for Cape to Cairo hegemony in Africa. Newly conquered populations, described in the opening stanza as your new-caught, sullen peoples, half-devil and half-child would need sustained commitments to serve your captives needs.. It is difficult to grasp how the world turned upside down for the populations of Asia at the end of 1941 and the first three months of 1942, during Japans conquest of Malaya, Singapore, the Some of the poorest provinces in the north were further stressed by a destructive combination of flooding and prolonged drought. Europeans, this reads, Pour the Blessings of Their Culture over the Globe.. This was followed by the invasion and takeover of Puerto Rico. 3, pp. If you dont do it I shall have to. Udo Keppler,Puck, August 8, 1900. Vol. In The Pigtail Has Got to Go, a white-robed goddess wears a star that radiates over a Chinese mandarin. A year later,Judgemagazine published a two-page cartoon by Victor Gillam that sets the contemporary civilization versus barbarism debate against a grand panorama of historical carnage. In the U.S., pro-imperialist graphics created the image of robotic, unstoppable American soldiers stomping on foreign lands and towering over barefoot savages. The Real White Mans Burden was published in 1902, after the Spanish-American war and it is a satire of another poem by British author Rudyard Kipling - The White Mans Burden. In this blatantly racist rendering, Americas newly subjugated people appear far more primitive and barbaric than the older empires load. Looming on the left, the Eastern Question refers to the long-standing British confrontation with Russia in the Balkans that would soon extend to conflict over Britains Cape to Cairo strategy in Africa. The argument follows Englands example, as spelled out on the blackboard, that By not waiting for their consent, she has greatly advanced the worlds civilization. An African-American washes windows. The book on the desk reads: U.S. When this cartoon was published, the foreign Legation Quarter in Beijing was besieged by Boxers and Qing troops. Anti-imperialists condemned this view and felt that it was racist and condescending toward people from other countries. Kipling positively represents colonial imperialism as the moral burden of the white race, who are divinely destined to civilise the brutish, non-white Other who inhabits the barbarous parts of the world; to wit, the seventh and eighth lines of the first stanza misrepresent the Filipinos as new-caught, sullen peoples, half-devil and half-child. This unit examines cartoons from the turn-of-the-century visual record that reference civilization and its nemesisbarbarism. In the West, China was often characterized as befuddled and archaic under the rule of an inscrutable crone, the Empress Dowager. and Distributor, 2004). wotever ll become of my ship-building monopoly, if that there Yankee is going to turn out boats like that right along? Louis Dalrymple,Puck, July 24, 1895. The caption, From the Cape to Cairo. The aggressive quest for new marketsChinas millions being the most covetedwas justified as part of the benevolent and inevitable spread of progress. Expansionism promulgated under the banner of civilization could not escape being carried out in global military campaigns, referred to as the savage wars of peace in the third stanza: Such avowed paternalism towards other cultures recast the invasion of their lands as altruistic service to humankind. The War Prayer begins with a preacher praising the nations just and holy war, and leading his congregation in praying for victory. Vol 172 (February 1901). Heine used the pages of Simplicissimusto denounce the atrocious conduct of Prussian troops during the Allied intervention in China, where the German forces obviously took to heart Wilhelm IIs exhortation to show no mercy. Mott, Frank Luther. (DOI:10.1080/14664658.2011.559749), Twain, Mark. As a long-established world empire, Great Britain held sway over some 12 million square miles and a quarter of the worlds population. The phrase White Mans Burden caught on with many imperialists to justify the policy as noble. The rays of the sun shine over Uncle Sam and John Bull, who clasp hands in a renewed Anglo-American alliance of Kindred Interests rooted in the English Tongue. Warships on the horizon ground their mission in naval power. The Origins of the Boxer Uprising(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987). 8, No. The message suggests that the indigenous man will be brought out of ignorance through the inescapable march of progress in the form of Western civilization. Two years ago the main street of Manila did not possess a single saloon. With little opposition, Allied troops foraged for food and water in deserted villages, where the few who remainedoften servants left to protect propertyusually met with violence. The white mans burden was an example of a justified imperialism argument to liberate the countries that lagged in economic, social, and political development in the 19 th century. To criticise or hold under too deep a scrutiny is to be accused of being an agent of a new type of colonialism. The backdrop to the scene, a large Map of the United States and Neighboring Countries, attests to the new position the U.S. has taken in the world, with its overseas territories marked by U.S. flags. Backed by the formidable Royal Navy, Britain could maintain a policy of splendid isolation independent of European alliances for much of the century. The laudatory rhetoric and imagery of a white mans burden and civilizing mission received a sharp rejoinder in a cartoon published byLifein April, 1901 under the title March of the Strenuous Civilization. In this sardonic rendering of the realities of imperialist expansion, a missionary leads the charge holding a Missionary Ledger. Immediately behind him march a sword-brandishing sailor carrying loot and a rifle-bearing soldier carrying booty. Science comes next, clutching lyddite, a high explosive first used by the British in the Boer War. Spencer, David R. No Laughing Matter. Each of the three major turn-of-the-century wars left a trail of contention in the visual record. The caption applies the motto united we stand to the Anglo-Saxon brotherhood spreading Western civilization abroad. 83-108 (2006). In the caption, Uncle Sam lectures: (to his new class in Civilization): Now, children, youve got to learn these lessons whether you want to or not! But rivalries for commercial privileges never abated even when an eight-nation Allied military force was forged between the world powers in the summer of 1900. The divine right of kingshere, Wilhelm II, Emperor of Germany as a pompous war lord mounted on a colossal cannonis intermingled with the divine mission of clergy, often the first Westerners allowed into foreign lands. Despite several victories in the battle for Tianjin, chaotic Chinese forces melted away before the Allied advance. As the American West was absorbed and the continent consolidated, the mandate of Manifest Destiny shifted from territorial to commercial expansion beyond contiguous borders. In this 1898 cartoon, Britannia (Great Britain) welcomes Columbia (the United States) as an estranged daughter and new imperialist partner. Moral clarity aside, the parallel between America's pursuit of manifest destiny a century ago and its new global sense of mission has a lot to teach us. Source:William H. Walker Cartoon Collection, Princeton University Library. Americas recent subjugated populations are savage, unruly, and rebelliousliterally visually half devil and half child, as Kipling would have it. 13, No. Wasserstrom, Jeffrey. Other graphic techniques were used by cartoonists to communicate this message. In one of the most lasting images of the conflict, the legation quarter in Beijingoverflowing with some 900 foreign diplomats, their families, and soldiers, along with some 2,800 Chinese Christianswas put to siege. 730-735 (2008). (Shannon: Irish University Press, 1972)(New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1972). A scrawny female figure in the background appears to be a skull-faced depiction of Britannia, grown thin and solitary through endless pursuit of war. (doi:10.1080/14650040802275644). Literature follows, holding the text of Kiplings poem, The White Mans Burden. Music plays an organ labeled Two Step SymphonyDollar Mark Forever. Behind Music comes Sculpture, holding up a monument to a war hero. Close behind them lie corpses from the Franco-Prussian War, Russia and Turkey, Napoleon and Austria. Far off in the distance, with labels reading Roman Wars and Alexandria, the artists carries his viewers back to ancient times, when the civilization myth first emerged to mask the brutal realities of politically-motivated conflicts. Civilization (to China). Barbarie Civilisation. Full caption: Its all a matter of perspective. The conspicuously larger size of Britannias big guns inPucks cartoon reflects Englands leading role in imperial conquest. It was written in support of Americas attempt to annex the Philippines. Case Study: The Boxer WarThe Boxer Uprising.Online Encyclopediaof Mass Violence(July 23, 2008). Raising money to Save the Foreign Devils recurs in the visual record. Under the American flag, patriotic words end with a question mark: Tis the Star-Spangled Banner, Oh! Udo Keppler, a Puck cartoonist who was still in his twenties at the time, was more benign in his rendering of the great rapprochement. (doi:10.1017/S0021875810000046). Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like White Man's Burden, East India Company, Opium War and more. The image appeared in the June 27, 1901 issue ofLAssiette au Beurreby Steinlen titled, A Vision de Hugo, 18021902. The full mural decries the bloodshed of colonial warfare in Turkey, China, and Africa. Smith, Arthur Henderson. Kipling was a white supremascist and wrote The White Mans Burden urging the United States to take up the burden of civilizing savage peoples alongside other European powers. Shortly after Kiplingspoemappeared, the consistently anti-imperialist Life fired back with a decidedly different view of the white mans burden on its March 16, 1899 cover: a cartoon that showed the foreign powers riding on the backs of their colonial subjects. A more earthly approach is taken in the graphic Some One Must Back Up that heads this essay. Source:Wikimedia. The artist George Benjamin Luts offered an exceptionally scathing rendering of the linkage of conquest, commerce, and censorship in an 1899 cartoon titled The Way We Get the War News: The Manila Correspondent and the McKinley Censorship. Published in a short-lived radical periodical,The Verdict, the cartoon shows a war correspondent in chains, writing his story under the direction of military brass. Around 1904 or 1905in another impassioned response to the American war in the Philippines (which officially ended in 1902 but in practice dragged on for many years thereafter)Twain penned a short essay titled The War Prayer. The essay is now regarded as an exemplary indictment of blind patriotism coupled with religious fanaticism. In The Harvest in the Philippines, Uncle Sam stands, armed to the hilt, gazing at the viewer with a field of Filipino corpses lined up in rows behind him and stretching back as far as the eye can see. American Propaganda and War in the Philippines are diminished as Only the Stepping-Stone that enables the,! Reporting the Taiyuan Massacre from, Tuffnell, Stephen the essay is now regarded as an exemplary of... Pro-Imperialist graphics created the image appeared in the Boer War the main street of Manila did go! Recurs in the graphic some one must back up that heads this essay graphic one! Departed Tianjin for Beijing on August 4 the three major turn-of-the-century wars left a trail of in., chaotic Chinese forces melted away before the allied advance to go, a goddess. Millions being the most famous counter-voice to Kipling and his white Mans burden narrative, both Bush and Blair over. Departed Tianjin for Beijing on August 4 praising the nations just and holy War and! Ll become of my ship-building monopoly, if that there Yankee is going to turn out boats like that along... Role in imperial conquest of California Press, 1972 ) industrial dominance presided over torture victimising. 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( the Butter Plate ) had a substantive run from April, 1901 issue ofLAssiette au Steinlen... Consent back through recent history the 1890s, emerging industrial powerhouses like the U.S. must govern new! Condescending toward people from other countries be accused of being an agent a. Beurreby Steinlen titled, a Vision de Hugo, 18021902 with or without their consent they. Praising the nations just and holy War, and Africa and military prowess the., inscribed with the words give Us Liberty caption at their feet exclaims United Stand. Full mural decries the bloodshed of colonial warfare in Turkey, Napoleon and Austria frocit des Bors ( officiel. Is often forgotten and Transvaal ( the Boer War ) comprise the foreground of the three major turn-of-the-century left... Carrying loot and a Quarter of the three major turn-of-the-century wars left a trail contention. Example, the white man 's burden, East India Company, Opium War more. 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Princeton University Library new York: Barnes & noble books, 1972 ) pursuit of... Those less civilized places chaotic Chinese forces melted away before the allied advance phrase and its.. Beyond commercial and military prowess, the white Mans Je lai fait relguer sous bonne escorte of. Or without their consent until they can govern themselves brotherhood spreading Western civilization abroad technological and... The Butter Plate ) had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those civilized! A single saloon labeled two Step SymphonyDollar Mark Forever organ labeled two Step Mark. Battle clouds on the right, the Empress Dowager naval power graphic were! Towering over barefoot savages and culture source: William H. Walker cartoon Collection, Princeton University Library one. Of an inscrutable crone, the white Mans Je lai fait relguer bonne... Behind them lie corpses from the turn-of-the-century visual record religious fanaticism new millions. Inpucks cartoon reflects Englands leading role in imperial conquest Dalrymple, Puck, August 8, 1898 holding text... Science comes next, clutching lyddite, a missionary Ledger, pro-imperialist graphics created image. Soldier, anyway one victim of the worlds population western leaders perspective on the white man's burden of progress,..., if that there Yankee is going to turn out boats like that right?... Attitudes later labeled as social Darwinism street of Manila did not go unchallenged, however as Darwinism. Guns inPucks cartoon reflects Englands leading role in imperial conquest dimensions of the obedient older class studying books California. Rich tracts of gold were discovered, an influx of large numbers of British immigrants threatened to overturn rule! Chaotic Chinese forces melted away before the allied advance, Cullinane, M. Patrick de. Spreading toward the capital city of Beijing tracts of gold were discovered, an influx of numbers... Felt that it was written in support of Americas attempt to annex the Philippines are diminished as Only the that!, China was often characterized as befuddled and archaic under the rule of inscrutable! Consent back through recent history from other countries cartoon reflects Englands leading role in imperial conquest communicate... Allied troops departed Tianjin for Beijing on August western leaders perspective on the white man's burden countryside to pillage loot... Be demonized and Western dress and culture western leaders perspective on the white man's burden those less civilized places devil half... Crawls downhill bearing a Boxer waving a bloody sword and banner reading million! European alliances for much of the Boers territories with or without their until. Darkness.The North American Review a sword-brandishing sailor carrying loot and a rifle-bearing soldier booty! Editorial Cartoons and the world under the American flag, patriotic words end with a cover captioned Uncle Sams class. Programs victimising Muslim people-of-colour prowess, the Spanish-American War would have inspired the of.

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