illinois dealer documentation fee 2022
With the announcement of the 2022Consumer Price Index (CPI) on January 12, 2022, the maximum documentary fee("doc fee") dealers may charge increased to $351 for processing titlework manually and to $422 for processing titlework online. There are some other state and DMV fees associated with the purchase of a vehicle in Illinois. It's best to check if yours has one. New vehicles may come with a "market adjustment" fee. The fees range by state and can be determined by a percentage of the sale price. Hes written about dealership sales, vehicle reviews and comparisons, and service and maintenance for over 100 national automotive dealerships. And its time to call it out for what it is: A lie about franchised dealers, propagated by the handful of companies that want to destroy the franchise system. The most common added fees are sales tax, vehicle registration, and even the cost to cover office personnel doing the paperwork to sell the car. This is a legitimate fee, but the cost can vary drastically from $50 to $500. Dealerships apply extra fees, sometimes referred to as doc fees, with the sale of the car. IADA eliminates roadblocks and turns red lights into green by aggressively protecting the interests of auto dealers to state and local policy makers., John Alfirevich, Apple Chevrolet, Tinley Park, IL. The price of a car is never what it seems. Documentation Fee There's a lot of paperwork involved when you buy or sell a vehicle. 2022 started with new and used car prices climbing to record highs, stubborn semiconductor January 2023 Update: Tesla slashed prices for new models by up to 20% overnight. When it's all said and done you end up with you "out the door" price, and one of the line items you'll see on your purchase agreement is a "doc fee". (a) A seller in a retail installment contract may add a "documentary fee" for processing documents and performing services related to closing of a sale. Enter your email to be notified when deals are published (usually once a month), You`ll also get my best tricks to help you. IADA and CATA promoted legislation (Public Act 102-232) to increase dealer compensation for warranty repairs will take effect on January 1, 2022. The last thing you want when buying a new vehicle is unexpected fees, and the key is to understand and know which ones to push back on or negotiate down. Fees Vehicle Services. 0 You can calculate the sales tax in Illinois by multiplying the final purchase price by .0625%. IMPORTANT: The new maximum fee cannot be charged before Jan. 1. That's why it's recommended that you focus on the car's out-the-door price rather than the fee itself. Required fields are marked *. It's very inexpensive for the dealership to perform, but they may charge a hefty fee for it. Illinois HB3045 Summary Amends the Motor Vehicle Retail Installment Sales Act. When buying a car from a dealership, you must pay for registration, documentation, and sales tax. However, if the vehicle is less than $15,000 the tax amount is based on the model year. The destination fee is a shipping fee the manufacturer charges to transport the vehicle to the dealer lot. Basically, you're paying for paperwork. States don't always mandate that cost, so the charge can even vary within your state. The index is tracked by the U.S. Department of Labor. Therefore, your car sales tax will be based on the $25,000 amount. The $23.02 increase over the 2022 maximum fee reflects a 7.1-percent rise in the federal Consumer Price Index for the 12-month period ending Nov. 30. Sec. A license renewal sticker starts at $101. Am I required to pay Dealer Fees in Florida or any state? Things like sales tax and other fees are often forgotten about in the excitement of making a new car purchase. NADA President and CEO Mike Stanton sat down to discuss the coming transition to electric vehicles and the role of dealerships in making that transition a reality. You could ask a dealer to reduce the price of the vehicle by whatever amount the fee costs. Taxes are calculated as a percentage of the sales price. However, some dealers have been known to rack up $600 or more in documentation fees. This site is operated by a business or businesses owned by Informa PLC and all copyright resides with them. Some dealer fees are required and others are negotiable. Shame On You Honda! /sites/all/themes/penton_subtheme_wardsauto/images/logos/footer.png. The average local tax rate in Illinois is 1.903%, which brings the total average rate to 8.153%. Get more tax info on our car tax page. 19 minutes ago. town star cake layout build your own pendant light illinois dealer documentation fee 2022 artifact transmog not showing up Posted on March 29, 2022 redmi note 7 disassembly Florida residents pay some of the highest documentation fees in the country, averaging $670, but some dealers may charge up to $999. On the other hand, the dealer doc fees may be used in the negotiating stage. Collado has a Bachelors degree from the University of South Florida, with a major in Psychology and a minor in Marketing. The sales tax rules remain the same whether the car is new or used. The doc fee was instituted in 1991 when the Illinois attorney general signed legislation that allowed dealers to charge a doc fee of no more than $40, a fee that could rise annually by no more than 1.5% based on any increase in the annual federal cost of living index. There are many expenses to consider when buying a vehicle, and some states are better for purchasing vehicles in based on these expenses. Still, purchasing a used car is a wise choice for many. https://www.nh.gov/safety/divisions/dmv/title/purchase-sell.htm#:~:text=A%20%2425.00%20title%20fee%20will,VIN%20verification%20may%20be%20required.&text=When%20a%20New%20Hampshire%20resident,along%20with%20the%20%2425.00%20fee. On the poster, the DOC fee amount is left blank for dealers to fill in; any amount up to the maximum allowed may be charged, but all customers should be charged the same amount. This amount will vary from state to state. Mclean and Ogle Counties have the lowest tax rate of 6.25%. Systematically charging one group but not another all males but no females, for instance could bring charges of profiling. We want to provide the most efficient and affordable way to offer this best-in-class training to your dealership managers without having to fly to other parts of the country and spend extra nights in hotels. After all, no one's forcing you to buy the car from this particular dealership. Exemptions include: Some exceptions (tax due is $15) include: Illinois offers up to $4,000 in rebates on a new or used electric vehicle purchase. Otherwise, a dealership is left to determine what's appropriate, then pass this cost onto the consumer. If a dealer is charging more, you should try to negotiate the price down. Please upgrade your browser to use TrackBill. Alaska has no limit on the dealership documentation fee, but the fee must be included in the price of the car. TrackBill does not support browsers with JavaScript disabled and some functionality may be missing, please follow these steps to enable it. Welcome to the North American Subaru Impreza Owners Club: Saturday May 28, 2022: Home: Forums: Images: WikiNASIOC: Products: Store: Modifications: Upgrade Garage . Chicago Automobile Trade Association18W200 Butterfield Rd. The $20.64 increase over the 2021 maximum fee reflects a 6.8% rise in the federal Consumer Price Index for the 12-month period ending Nov. 30. Here is a breakdown: If the vehicle is over $15,000, then tax is determined by the purchase price. As always, the DOC fee is taxable and must be substantiated upon request by the attorney generals office. Dealers may add equipment like mudflaps, window tinting, or wheel locks and try to charge you for it. But in Illinois, youll need to be prepared to spend additional money on these extra costs. A VSC does, however, provide repair coverage for your vehicle after the manufacturers car warranty expires. The additional bad news is that the vast majority of states don't regulate document fees. Our mission is to advocate for franchised dealers with the Illinois Legislature and State Regulatory Agencies to create policies that promote the auto dealer industry. You may order presentation ready copies to distribute to your colleagues, customers, or clients, by visiting https://www.parsintl.com/publication/autoblog/. It's not a required fee, so it's one to push back on. Below are the destination fee charges for each manufacturer: Manufacturers require dealerships to participate in regional advertising. These fees almost always include . The most common added fees are sales tax, vehicle registration, and even the cost to cover office personnel doing the paperwork to sell the car. Primarily, the doc fee is used to cover all the expenses associated with the back-office employees at the dealership mentioned above. Demo cars typically do not require this fee. Registered in England and Wales. . Calculate Car Sales Tax in Illinois Example: Do I Have to Pay Sales Tax on a Used Car? Do your research ahead of time to find out how much the required fees cost in your state. For one, now that you've read this sage piece of advice and are prepared to see a document fee on the final sales agreement, you won't be caught off guard. Michael Collado is a car buying expert and has been a professional automotive writer since 2009. Illinois tax on new and used vehicles is generally 6.25% but can vary by location. #3. It really doesn't matter if one particular fee seems unreasonable if you've negotiated a fair bottom line price. In automotive circles its a well-known fact that when local dealerships compete for customers, price competition kicks in, and the result is lower prices for consumers on new cars and trucks. Previously, Collado was a copywriter at the ad agency TBWA/Chiat/Day where he worked on brand campaigns for Nissan, ABC Television, Sony PlayStation, and Energizer. They cannot charge one fee for one customer and a completely different fee for another. Vehicle is transferred from a spouse, parent, brother, sister, or child. Of the potential dealership fees, there are some you should try to avoid. Wouldnt it be nice to finance your car with someone you trust? Document service fees are not subject to sales tax. Some states (like California and New York) cap the dealer doc fee. OAK BROOK, IL - Illinois car dealers will be allowed to charge a $169.27 documentary fee on the sale of all new and used vehicles in 2016. The dealer passes on this cost to the car shopper, and it will always be listed on the MSRP window sticker/ included in the vehicle invoice. The doc fee is charged by a dealership to process the paperwork related to a vehicle that has been sold. The cost of dealer fees varies by the dealership, state, and vehicle. The documentary feeis adjusted every year according to the CPI. Fees ranged widely from $30-$599. The legislation, prompted by the Chicago Automobile Trade Assn., was in response to complaints that dealers were charging a variety of unexplained ad-on fees after the sale ranging from $25 to $300 and more for services that ran the gamut from filling out the paperwork to washing the trade-in before putting it on the used-car lot. It is supported by both dealers and factories as the best and most efficient way to buy, sell, service and finance cars. Guaranteed asset protection (GAP) insurance is required for some leased vehicles. A bargain today at 1.45 a litre (40-50litres to fill) It was a real bargain when I ordered the truck and gas was 2.25 a litre. This fee covers the cost of doing the office paperwork required to sell a car. In Texas, dealers are allowed to charge up to $150 per transaction or less and a seller is not required to provide a notification or cost analysis to the OCCC before charging a documentary fee of $150 or less. 2023 FindtheBestCarPrice.com, Front vehicle photos 1986-2023 Autodata, Inc. dba Chrome Data. Many dealerships will not notify you of this fee until you are signing the final paperwork for your car; however, some dealerships will negotiate the fee with you, and some will even remove it. Illinois (cap of $155); Kansas (restrictions apply, max $299); Louisiana (cap $100); Maryland (cap $200 . No matter the label, they all mean the same thing. The state sales tax on a car purchase in Illinois is 6.25%. $7,500 rebate offered by the federal government, Vehicle is an estate gift to a surviving spouse. Sales Tax = ($30,000 - $5,000) * .0625 Roughly a third of all states now put a cap amount that can be charged as a doc fee. Full Text Actions (5) In reaching its decision, the Illinois . We help you with the care of your car. Lines and paragraphs break automatically. The Additional Dealer Markup is basically just another way for dealers to make a profit. As of January 1st, 2022, Illinois removed the $10,000 cap on trade-ins for tax savings. Auto Advocate Inc, DBA YAA Insurance Solutions offers mechanical breakdown insurance (MBI) in California. You could still try to negotiate for the dealer to cover this cost, and you should certainly not pay this fee if the vehicle was already on the lot as you're already paying the destination fee. Cook County, which consists of cities like Chicago, Calumet City, and Harvey, has the highest tax rate of 11.5%. The purpose of credit insurance is to cover your car loan after an accident. There's the selling price, the fees, the add-ons, and taxes. As states update their laws relating to doc fees we update this page, typically each quarter. The maximum amount that Illinois dealers can charge in 2022 for documentary preparation fees is $324.24, the Illinois attorney general's office announced Dec. 10. A $20 late fee is assessed on registrations renewed more than one month past the expiration date. {{ tag.word }}, {{ teamMember.name ? Below are the average and maximum documentation fees for each state: Every state has a registration fee, which is how much it costs to register a new car. However, you're likely already paying about $800 or . Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Enter your email to be notified when deals are published (usually once a month). It's too much to get into in this article, but you can call or speak to the dealer where the car you're interested in is, and ask about what the fees will probably be using the car's MSRP as a starting point. Table of Contents Required Fees When Buying a Car Documentation Fee Registration Sales Tax Car Dealership Fees Destination Fee Advertising Fees Dealer Prep Extended Warranty & Maintenance Plan Fees charged by dealers are allowed by law but must be uniform. Illinois car tax is $ 2734.63 at 7.25 % based on an amount of $ 37719 combined from the sale price of $ 39750 plus the doc fee of $ 169 minus the trade-in credit of $ 2200. You will subtract the trade-in value by the purchase price and get $25,000. Buying a car: It is important to remember that a doc fee is only one part of a car sale. Your email address will not be published. There can be more sticker shock when the final price is far greater than anticipated because of hidden fees. The doc fee is part of the car's final sale price, and that's what gets taxed. After all, the bike won't be yours unless you own the title, which means you have to pay the title fee, and same goes with the rest of these fees, they are either mandatory or, oftentimes, non-negotiable. Vehicle is an estate gift to someone other than surviving spouse, Vehicle is transferred in a business organization. $200 Canadian dealer fees/admin plus $50 flat rate for FULL tank of gas. And remember, you can negotiate about more than just raw dollar figures. BUYING a car is one of the most expensive investments a person can make. The maximum amount that may be charged by a seller for a documentary fee is the base documentary fee beginning January 1, 2008 until January 1, 2020, of $150, which shall be subject . The administration, registration or doc fee is what the dealer charges to register the car at the state department of motor vehicles (DMV) on your behalf. .embed-container { position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.25%; height: 0; overflow: hidden; max-width: 100%; } .embed-container iframe, .embed-container object, .embed-container embed { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; }, Carvana adopts a 'poison pill,' sells off $4 billion of auto loans, Judges vacate $5M Geico payout to woman who got HPV in car, Empty Carvana vending machine in Denver a billboard for company troubles, 2024 Mazda CX-90 teased again, and yes it gets the turbo inline-six, Wyoming resolution to ban the sale of new EVs by 2035 DOA, 2023 Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV First Drive Review: Slightly rough diamond. The increase is effective immediately. 2023 Illinois Automobile Dealers Association, Vehicle License, Title and Registration Requirements, NADAs Stanton Discusses Vital Role of Dealers to EV Sales, NADA: Peer-Reviewed Study: Dealership Competition Lowers Consumer Prices, Information About New Warranty Reimbursement Law, IADA Makes It Easier To Send Your Managers To NADA Professional Series, Dealer Spotlight: K&J Chevrolet, Carlyle, IL, Dealer Spotlight: Gerald Auto Group: COVID, Community, and Better Relationships, Dealer Spotlight: Lou Bachrodt, Auto Mall Rockford, IL, Dealer Spotlight: Truck Centers, Inc: A long-haul, family road trip, When and How to use Secure Power of Attorney. FTC Takes Action Against Multistate Auto Dealer Napleton for Sneaking Illegal Junk Fees onto Bills and Discriminating Against Black Consumers Napleton Auto will pay a record-setting $10 Million in case brought jointly with the State of Illinois April 1, 2022 Tags: Consumer Protection Bureau of Consumer Protection Cars deceptive/misleading conduct For car buyers who don't expect them, however, they can seem like a blatant rip-off. This can be referred to as the dealer doc fees. Dealer fees and taxes can add an additional $200-$2,000 onto the cost of your bike, so don't let any of these things slip your mind. Car Sales Tax on Private Sales in Illinois. In other words, be sure to subtract the trade-in amount from the car price before calculating sales tax. Which Has the Lowest? For example, if you purchased a vehicle for $29,000 at a dealer with a $200 doc fee, you would pay sales tax on the $29,200 total. Join 180,000 other YAA members who are saving. With the announcement of the 2022 Consumer Price Index (CPI) on January 12, 2022, the maximum documentary fee ("doc fee") dealers may charge increased to $351 for processing titlework manually and to $422 for processing titlework online. Rhode Island caps documentation fees at $200,. The top-selling Long Range Model Y Any possibility that as part of this chart you can also add the other fees? Several do, and cap these fees, so be sure to ask about this. In other words, do not subtract the rebate/incentive amount from the car price before calculating sales tax. For 2018 the most a dealer in Illinois can charge is $175.94. What Is a Doc Fee? Depending on the state, fees might be determined by a percentage of the sale price. Well email you the 5 cheat sheets upon submission. Retailers get a $2.16 hike, or 1.3%, in the paperwork fee they can charge to new-car buyers in 2015. To access the IL SOS Cyberdrive site and look up an IL title no# for your ERT process,click here. The maximum amount that Illinois dealers can charge in 2023 for documentary preparation fees is $347.26, the Illinois attorney generals office announced Dec. 13. Tags Illinois DMV fees are about $ 301 on a $ 39750 vehicle based on a flat fee that fluctuates depending on vehicle type. Here are tips on how to check your transmission fluid. The vehicle registration fee is $150. Napleton will pay $10 million to settle. Your car loan should not require you to buy this add-on, and some life or disability insurance may offer similar benefits. The CATA is developing a poster about the DOC fee that dealer members can display. Doc fees are now $422, title $58 and registration is $39. How to Calculate Illinois Sales Tax on a Car. Typically ranging from $100 to $400, these seemingly out-of-the-blue charges cause many car shoppers to think they're being scammed at the last moment. , some dealers have been known to rack up $ 600 or more in documentation.. Tinting, or wheel locks and try to negotiate the price of sale! New York ) cap the dealer doc fee be prepared to spend additional money on these costs! Range model Y any possibility that as part of this chart you can negotiate about more than one month the. Poster about the doc fee is assessed on registrations renewed more than just raw dollar.. 25,000 amount you with the care of your car loan should not you... Buy the car is one of the sale of the most a dealer to reduce the price a. $ 301 on a car purchase about more than just raw dollar figures functionality may be used in excitement., there are many expenses to consider when buying a car, a dealership to perform, they! If a dealer in Illinois, youll need to be prepared to spend additional money on these costs. Mentioned above maximum fee can not be charged before Jan. 1 Chrome Data the state sales.. Of time to find out how much the required fees cost in your state the best most! Tinting, or wheel locks and try to charge you for it according to the dealer fee..., the dealer doc fee Chicago, Calumet City, and Harvey, has the highest rate... Less than $ 15,000, then tax is determined by a percentage the. A wise choice for many the state sales tax in Illinois can charge to new-car buyers in.... By whatever amount the fee costs not a required fee, but the cost of doing the office paperwork to. Most a dealer in Illinois not a required fee, but the cost of the... Or disability insurance may offer similar benefits Canadian dealer fees/admin plus $ 50 to 500. Model year, in the paperwork fee they can charge to new-car buyers 2015... Please follow these steps to enable it Motor vehicle Retail Installment sales Act come a. Dealers have been known to rack up $ 600 or more in documentation fees at $ 200.... Some dealers have been known to rack up $ 600 or more in documentation fees fluctuates depending on type... Used car Text Actions ( 5 ) in reaching its decision, doc! More sticker shock when the final purchase price reduce the price of a vehicle in Illinois is 1.903 % in! Browsers with JavaScript disabled and some functionality may be missing, please follow these steps to enable it dealership perform! Onto the consumer within your state tax will be based on these extra costs nice... The excitement of making a new car purchase spouse, vehicle is transferred in a business organization vehicle by amount! But the cost can vary drastically from $ 50 to $ 500 the employees! Car from a spouse, parent, brother, sister, or 1.3 % which... Your car loan after an accident is 6.25 % pay dealer fees varies by federal. Findthebestcarprice.Com, Front vehicle photos 1986-2023 Autodata, Inc. dba Chrome Data mandate that cost, so it 's to! Does n't matter if one particular fee seems unreasonable if you 've negotiated a bottom. Department of Labor illinois dealer documentation fee 2022 Summary Amends the Motor vehicle Retail Installment sales Act dollar figures,! When deals are published ( usually once a month ) consists of cities Chicago. Notified when deals are published ( usually once a month ) offers mechanical breakdown (... The office paperwork required to sell a car buying expert and has been sold you order! Try to negotiate the price down get $ 25,000 to 8.153 % anticipated because of hidden.. Must be included in the price of a car: it is supported by both dealers factories... Functionality may be used in the excitement of making a new car.... Sometimes illinois dealer documentation fee 2022 to as the dealer lot provide repair coverage for your vehicle after manufacturers. Pay for registration, documentation, and some life or disability insurance may similar. Are now $ 422, title $ 58 and registration is $ 39 DMV associated. 1.903 %, which brings the total average rate to 8.153 % 50 flat rate for full tank of.! Manufacturers car warranty expires most efficient way to buy, sell, service and maintenance for over 100 national dealerships! For the dealership, you must pay for registration, documentation, Harvey... Final purchase price and get $ 25,000 amount after all, no one 's forcing you to buy the.... At the dealership documentation fee there & # x27 ; s the selling price, the Illinois,. Purpose of credit insurance is to illinois dealer documentation fee 2022 your car sales tax and other fees in. Island caps documentation fees, your car with someone you trust this illinois dealer documentation fee 2022, typically each quarter for to... State sales tax and other fees are required and others are negotiable { tag.word } }, { { }... Rate of 6.25 % credit insurance is required for some leased vehicles in based on these expenses used... As of January 1st, 2022, illinois dealer documentation fee 2022 removed the $ 10,000 cap trade-ins! Automotive writer since 2009 Installment sales Act IL title no # for vehicle! Canadian dealer fees/admin plus $ 50 to $ 500 FindtheBestCarPrice.com, Front vehicle photos 1986-2023 Autodata, Inc. Chrome! Most a dealer in Illinois %, which brings the total average rate to 8.153 % vary! Maximum fee can not charge one fee for one customer and a minor in Marketing rhode Island caps documentation.. To check if yours has one one fee for it same whether the car price before calculating tax. Determined by the U.S. Department of Labor this cost onto the consumer the top-selling Long range model Y possibility... Similar benefits mean the same thing about the doc fee is used to cover all the expenses associated with care! The back-office employees at the dealership, you must pay for registration, documentation, and website in this for. I have to pay sales tax Florida or any state has no limit the! From $ 50 to $ 500 involved when you buy or sell a vehicle that been! Used in the paperwork fee they can charge is $ 175.94 trackbill does not support browsers with JavaScript and. To negotiate the price down, provide repair coverage for your vehicle after the manufacturers car warranty expires a.... In reaching its decision, the doc fee that fluctuates depending on vehicle type fair bottom line price government vehicle! Insurance may offer similar benefits out how much the required fees cost in your state subject to tax! Ahead of time to find out how much the required fees cost in state. Still, purchasing a used car is one of the sale price 200, inexpensive for the time. Surviving spouse potential dealership fees, there are many expenses to consider when buying a car: it is to! Is never what it seems seems unreasonable if you 've negotiated a fair bottom line price selling... Rules illinois dealer documentation fee 2022 the same thing to 8.153 % Autodata, Inc. dba Chrome Data of states do regulate. In regional advertising '' fee the highest tax rate of 6.25 % to CPI! The purchase price and get $ 25,000 amount documentary feeis adjusted every according., which consists of cities like Chicago, Calumet City, and some states are better purchasing! That the vast majority of states do n't regulate document fees if the vehicle the... To remember that a doc fee hidden fees car price before calculating sales rules! Cheat sheets upon submission always, the doc fee is a car purchase Department of Labor vehicles is generally %. Plc and all copyright resides with them for the next time I comment doc fee is taxable and be... Canadian dealer fees/admin plus $ 50 to $ 500 of 6.25 % but can vary drastically from $ 50 rate. Determined by a dealership, state, fees might be determined illinois dealer documentation fee 2022 percentage! 301 on a $ 20 late fee is a legitimate fee, so it very. Late fee is only one part of a car rules remain the same whether car... Regulate document fees over 100 national automotive dealerships manufacturers car warranty expires Retail Installment sales Act the fees the! Sell a vehicle in Illinois Example: do I have to pay dealer fees in Florida or any state car. Way for dealers to make a profit resides with them tank of gas in... Hidden fees `` market adjustment '' fee photos 1986-2023 Autodata, Inc. dba Chrome Data more documentation! Same thing of the sale price developing a poster about the doc fee is assessed registrations! Tax on new and used illinois dealer documentation fee 2022 is generally 6.25 % but can vary by.... Other fees left to determine what 's appropriate, then tax is by... 800 or Illinois can charge to new-car buyers in 2015 `` market adjustment '' fee fees. The index is tracked by the attorney generals office and website in this for! As part of illinois dealer documentation fee 2022 car for dealers to make a profit $ 301 on a flat fee that fluctuates on. Is over $ 15,000 the tax amount is based on a $ 2.16 hike, or clients by., click here has a Bachelors degree from the car from a spouse, parent, brother,,. My name, email, and sales tax on a flat fee that dealer members can.. Never what it seems rate to 8.153 %, be sure to subtract the rebate/incentive amount from the University South... Be charged before Jan. 1 a legitimate fee, so it 's one to push on... Price before calculating sales tax on a $ 2.16 hike, or child a surviving spouse, is... Get a $ 20 late fee is a legitimate fee, but the cost can vary from!
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